A microsphere technology: comprehensive review on recent developments

Abstract

Microspheres are small, round objects ranging in size from 1 mm to 1000 mm, typically composed of engineered polymers or biodegradable proteins. These free-flowing powders have a molecule size of less than 200 micrometers. Microspheres are widely used in drug delivery systems, enabling controlled and sustained release of pharmaceuticals. They offer several advantages, including the ability to target specific areas via oral, topical, and other biotechnology applications, such as gene therapy.Innovative drug delivery systems can improve therapeutic outcomes by enhancing drug stability, increasing bioavailability, and reducing toxicity. Traditional drug delivery methods often result in fluctuating plasma concentrations, leading to potential side effects. However, controlled drug delivery systems, like microspheres, provide consistent plasma levels by releasing the drug gradually over an extended period. This steady release can enhance the drug's effectiveness, improve patient adherence, and minimize side effects.Various techniques exist to develop controlled release systems, including liposomes, nanocarriers, microemulsions, and microspheres. Among these, microspheres are particularly valuable because they offer a sustained release from a polymeric network, often using biodegradable polymers with minimal side effects. As a result, microspheres find applications in areas such as oncology, gynecology, cardiology, diabetes treatment, and vaccine delivery.