A review: the therapeutic power of natural extracts in wound recovery

Abstract

Natural extracts from plants, herbs, and other biological sources have demonstrated substantial potential in wound healing through their diverse biochemical activities, primarily attributed to active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. These compounds facilitate wound healing across various stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, by modulating cellular responses, promoting tissue regeneration, and minimizing scar formation. During the hemostasis phase, natural extracts enhance platelet aggregation and fibrin formation, creating an initial matrix conducive to cell migration. In the inflammation phase, these extracts exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contributing to chronic inflammation. This anti-inflammatory activity accelerates the transition to the proliferative phase, where active compounds stimulate fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis critical for new tissue formation. During the remodeling phase, natural extracts aid in collagen reorganization and maturation, improving tissue strength and elasticity while minimizing excessive scarring. However, despite the benefits, challenges such as limited bioavailability, stability, and inconsistent dosing hinder clinical applications. Advanced delivery systems, including nanofibers and hydrogels, are being explored to improve the stability and efficacy of these bioactive compounds. This review synthesizes recent research on the biochemical mechanisms of natural extracts in wound healing, outlines the clinical challenges, and highlights future directions for enhancing their therapeutic utility.