Prevalence and Management of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Tertiary Care Hospitals: An Observational Prospective Study

Abstract

Anaemia is a frequent consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that is linked to a worse quality of life as well as an increased risk of morbidity and death. The processes behind anaemia linked with CKD are many and intricate. Reduced endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, absolute and/or functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with elevated hepcidin levels are only a few of them. Oral or intravenous iron supplements, as well as erythropoietin stimulating medications, are widely used to treat patients (ESA). These therapies, on the other hand, come with hazards and are occasionally ineffective. Nonetheless, there has been some significant advancement in the treatment of CKD-related anaemia in recent years, raising high hopes. On the one hand, a novel class of medicines known as hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors has been created (HIF-PHIs). These compounds stimulate endogenous EPO synthesis; improve iron availability, and lower hepcidin levels, among other things. Some of these have already been approved for commercialization. Recent clinical trials, on the other hand, have highlighted crucial elements of iron supplementation, which may influence therapy goals in the future. The present state of knowledge on the pathophysiology of CKD-related anaemia, existing therapeutics, patient care trends, and unfulfilled objectives are discussed in this article.