Examinations of Indigofera tinctoria Linn's pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical analyses

Abstract

To conduct a preliminary phytochemical analysis and a comprehensive pharmacognostic profile of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. leaves, often referred to as "indigo," a member of the Fabaceae family distributed across the warmer regions of India. The leaves’ juice is medicinally used to prevent hydrophobia and treat blennorrhea. The plant extract is applied for bronchitis, epilepsy, nervous disorders, sores, ulcers, and hemorrhoids, while the roots are used for hepatitis, scorpion bites, and urinary complaints. Methods: The leaves of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. were examined using macroscopy, microscopy, quantitative microscopy, physicochemical analysis, and phytochemical analysis following WHO-recommended standardisation techniques. Macroscopically, the leaves are oblanceolate with a cuneate base, mucronate apex, distinct odour, and smooth texture. Each leaf has nine to thirteen leaflets, measuring 0.3–1.2 cm in breadth and 1–2.5 cm in length. Microscopically, the leaflets showed wavy margins in transverse sections, angular thick-walled xylem, and a thick arc of phloem. Sclerenchymatous bands and anamocytic stomata were observed, along with lignified sclerenchyma cells. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, mucilage, and saponins.These findings provide essential standards for the identification and potential medicinal applications of Indigofera tinctoria in future research.