International Journal of Experimental and Biomedical Research

NEUROPATHY IN DIABETIC MELLITUS: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MODELS

Dr. R Gautham Chakra — 2024-10-05

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most common and severe side effect of diabetes mellitus, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, significantly straining diabetes care. Modern definitions describe diabetic neuropathy as a symmetric, length-dependent sensory polyneuropathy resulting from metabolic changes and microvascular damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors. The management and clinical assessment of DN are complex. Patients with DN should be evaluated for autonomic neuropathy, as these conditions often coexist. Currently, duloxetine and pregabalin are the primary medications prescribed for neuropathic pain, yet neither offers complete relief, even when combined. This study reviews the available treatments and current guidelines for managing diabetic neuropathy, focusing on pain management and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. There remains a critical need to investigate medication combinations that may more effectively reduce or even reverse the progression of the disease while enhancing pain relief. Addressing these gaps could lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from this debilitating condition.

Formulation and evaluation of naphazoline hydrochloride nasal gels

Shaik Sana — 2024-10-01

This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of naphazoline hydrochloride nasal gels to bypass first-pass liver metabolism, ensuring consistent drug levels with reduced doses. Compatibility of lipids, polymers, and the drug was confirmed via FTIR and DSC analyses. Nasal gels were formulated using carbopol, poloxamer, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Gels containing carbopol were clear and sparkling, while those with HPMC appeared white and viscous. The formulations (NNGF1-NNGF8) had pH values between 6.7 and 6.9, spreadability ranging from 22.98 to 25.36 g.cm/sec, and viscosities between 939 and 941 centipoises. Drug content varied from 83.46% to 97.32%, which was deemed acceptable. Gel strengths ranged from 64% to 95%. The in-vitro release studies showed sustained drug release, with 95% of the drug released within seven hours. Among the eight formulations, NNGF1 exhibited the best performance, indicating a diffusion-controlled release mechanism with non-Fickian transport. The drug release followed both Zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models.

evaluation of cardioprotective activity of centella asiatica l on experimentally induced oxidative stress

Dabbukottu Anusha — 2024-10-06

Nowadays, lifestyle and food habits have resulted in many complaints, leading to an increasing interest in identifying natural phytochemical compounds from plant species that can be used as medicines without significant side effects. Herbal medicines are multicomponent mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds, and their chemical constituents possess a pharmacological and antioxidant potential that could have the ability to protect vital organs from several ailments with less or no toxic Effect. The Present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological and antioxidant activity of the well-known medicinal plant Centella Asiatica, which was extracted traditionally. The natural antioxidants in the aqueous plant extracts ameliorate liver and heart damage by consuming ethanol. Hence, this study concluded that the aqueous Extract of Centella Asiatica profoundly protected the vital organs. These findings support the fact that the active principles of Centella Asiatica significantly contributed to the authenticity of the development of new drugs that could alleviate society from many diseases due to oxidative stress by alcohol consumption. It is essential to evaluate the pharmacological properties, and the experimentation would be necessary to standardize and elucidate the exact mechanism of action and toxicity studies of the bioactive compounds present in aqueous Extract to be formulated as protective drugs to treat the alcoholics without any side effects.

STABILIZATION EXERCISE VERSUS McConnell TAPING ON PAIN, FUNCTION, AND RANGE OF MOTION IN PATIENTS WITH PATELLO FEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME

P Harshitha Naidu — 2024-10-03

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is characterized by anterior knee pain or retro-patellar pain (pain behind the patella). It is one of the most common knee issues, particularly affecting women. PFPS typically presents as diffuse discomfort with a gradual onset in the anterior knee, primarily affecting young athletes. The prevalence of PFPS ranges from 8.75% to 17%, with females being more affected (12.7%) than males (1.1%).Methods: Thirty subjects with PFPS, aged 15-45 years, were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into two groups. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Pain and function were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), while knee range of motion (ROM) was measured with a goniometer. Group A received stabilization exercises and conventional therapy, while Group B received McConnell taping with conventional treatment. Sessions were held thrice weekly for 30-45 minutes over four weeks.Results: Both interventions significantly improved pain, function, and ROM. Group A showed greater improvement in pain reduction and function (p<0.05), while ROM improvement was comparable between the two groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: While both treatments were effective, stabilization exercises provided more significant benefits in pain reduction and functional improvement.