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\def\citeauthor{~Sreenivasulu~M,
              ~Sai~Chitra~Prathyusha~V,
              ~Kumar~B}
\def\citetitle{\textbf{To Identify the Prevalence, Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Diseases and their Treatment Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital}}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Sai Chitra Prathyusha V et al.}
\firstPage{1}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{25 Dec 2022}
\acceptedDate{15 Jan 2023}
\revisedDate{14 Jan 2023}
\journalVolume{2}
\journalIssue{1}
\journalDoi{ijebr.v2i1.368}
\copyrightYear{2023}
\eISSN{2583-5254}
\journalDoi{ijebr.v2i1.368}
\def\authorCount{3}
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\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Experimental and Biomedical Research}

\title{\textbf{To Identify the Prevalence, Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Diseases and their Treatment Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital}}
\author{Sreenivasulu~M\textsuperscript{1},  
            Sai~Chitra~Prathyusha~V\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{2}, 
            Kumar~B\textsuperscript{2}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore - 524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore - 524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India}}

\begin{abstract}
The study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with pediatric diseases and their treatment pattern in a tertiary care hospital.  The study's objectives include evaluating the recruited patients' socio-demographic details, identifying the prevalence and risk factors for pediatric diseases, determining the diagnostic test for pediatric diseases, and evaluating the prescribing pattern of drugs in managing pediatric diseases. The present study revealed that the majority of the pediatric patients admitted with pneumonia had a good treatment outcome. Patients treated with antibiotics showed a better treatment outcome than patients treated with crystalline penicillin alone. Longer duration of hospital stay was more likely associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, particular consideration should be given to children needing other interventions. In this reading, Amoxycillin was recommended as the first-line treatment with simple pneumonia and third-generation cephalosporin for those with severe/very severe pneumonia in the health center setups. To rationalize antibiotic prescription, adherence to WHO standard case-management protocols is recommended. The proper design of antibiotic guidelines should use a consistent grading system for the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations and seek the stakeholders' preference to improve the guidelines' applicability to minimize the occurrence.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Prevalence,\newline Risk Factors,\newline Pediatric Diseases,\newline Tertiary Care
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Sai~Chitra~Prathyusha~V~\\ Phone:\ 7780697801~\\  Email:\ chitrakiran916@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
Significant causes of death among children vary by age. Children under 5 are especially vulnerable to infectious diseases like malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea, HIV, and tuberculosis. For older children, non-communicable diseases, injuries, and conflict pose significant threats \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077179}. We support countries to strengthen primary health care systems {\textendash} especially at the community level, and combat common infectious diseases such as malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea, HIV, and tuberculosis. In the late twentieth century, substantial reductions in child mortality occurred in low- and middle-income countries. The fall in child deaths during 1960{\textendash}90 averaged 2.5\% per year, and the risk of dying in the first five years of life halved {\textendash} a significant achievement in child survival. Preventive measures against malaria require-public{\textendash}private cooperation. They include netting the windows and other open channels and environmental management of stagnant water to remove mosquito breeding sites \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077188}. To kill developing mosquito larvae, breeding sites should be drained, larvae-eating fish can be introduced, and organic oils such as kerosene can be spilled onto stagnant water reservoirs. Recent and historical evidence suggests that drinking and irrigation water reservoir management can significantly decrease mosquito population densities \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077182}.
    
\section{Methodology}
This prospective study was performed for six months. The study was conducted in the pediatrics department of a tertiary care hospital. A written informed consent form was obtained from the patient's guardians. A sample size of 295 patients was enrolled in the study \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077185}. 

\textbf{Study Design}

It will be a Prospective observational study \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077183}.

\textbf{Study Period}

The Present study was conducted for a period of six months, from July 2021 to December 2021.

\textbf{Study Site}

The Present study was conducted in the pediatrics department.

\textbf{Sample Size}

It was 295 Patients.

\textbf{Type of Study Patients}

Outpatients.

\textbf{Inclusion Criteria}


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Patients with an age of more than 18 years.
  \item \relax Patients who are willing to participate in the study. 
  \item \relax Patients diagnosed with various pediatric infections \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077187}.
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Exclusion Criteria }


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Patients who are not willing to give consent. 
  \item \relax Pregnancy. 
  \item \relax Cognitive impairment. 
  \item \relax Patients with improper diagnosis details. 
  \item \relax Lactation \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077184}. 
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) Consideration}

The research protocol was prepared and submitted to the ethical committee. The institutional ethical committee clearance was obtained from the institutional human ethics committee permitted to perform the research in the general medicine department \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077181}.

\textbf{Patient Data Collection and Management}

The patient data collection form was created with the physician's assistance, teaching pharmacy practice faculty to collect the data from medication charts. The data collection tool includes information about age, sex, past medical history, and treatment. The information about drug details, dose and frequency of administration, and therapy duration was collected from the treatment chart \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077186}.

\textbf{Statistical Analysis}

SPSS software was used for analysis, and measurement data are expressed as the mean \ensuremath{\pm} standard deviation. Measurement data are expressed as a percentage; the \ensuremath{\chi }2 test compared sample rates. P{\textless}0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference \unskip~\cite{1690479:27077180}.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
The study was carried out for six months in a tertiary care hospital pediatric department. A total of 295 patients were enrolled in the study. 


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Age of the Child} }
\label{tw-7fd47d283a36}
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\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1424\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3720999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21900000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2665\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Age  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack One month {\textendash} 4 months &
  \cAlignHack 76 &
  \cAlignHack 25.76\\
\cAlignHack 2  &
  \cAlignHack Five months to 1 year &
  \cAlignHack 87 &
  \cAlignHack 29.49\\
\cAlignHack 3  &
  \cAlignHack 1.5 years to 2 years &
  \cAlignHack 64 &
  \cAlignHack 21.69\\
\cAlignHack 4  &
  \cAlignHack 2.5 years to 3 years &
  \cAlignHack 22 &
  \cAlignHack 7.45\\
\cAlignHack 5  &
  \cAlignHack Four years to 4.5 years &
  \cAlignHack 46 &
  \cAlignHack 15.59\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295 &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Gender of the Child} }
\label{tw-733b72e02785}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
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\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.14240000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3782999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2314\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2479\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Gender  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Male  &
  \cAlignHack 127 &
  \cAlignHack 43.05\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Female  &
  \cAlignHack 168 &
  \cAlignHack 56.94\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295 &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Education of the Mothers} }
\label{tw-3841ab9c5580}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Education & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Diploma &
  \cAlignHack 198 &
  \cAlignHack 67.11\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Graduate  &
  \cAlignHack 52 &
  \cAlignHack 17.62\\
\cAlignHack 3  &
  \cAlignHack Postgraduate &
  \cAlignHack 45 &
  \cAlignHack 15.25\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295 &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Family Status} }
\label{tw-b439e25a04a8}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.13399999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3826\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.22509999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25830000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Family Status  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Joint  &
  \cAlignHack 238 &
  \cAlignHack 80.67\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Nuclear  &
  \cAlignHack 57 &
  \cAlignHack 19.32\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Family Members} }
\label{tw-48d79a6be0dd}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1237\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.40120000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21670000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25839999999999996\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Family Members  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 1-3 &
  \cAlignHack 85 &
  \cAlignHack 28.81\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 4-5 &
  \cAlignHack 93 &
  \cAlignHack 31.52\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 6-9 &
  \cAlignHack 117 &
  \cAlignHack 39.66\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Monthly Income} }
\label{tw-734dc56ef155}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.10510000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4258999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21279999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2562\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Monthly Income  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 15,000 &
  \cAlignHack 175 &
  \cAlignHack 59.32\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 16,000-25,000 &
  \cAlignHack 85 &
  \cAlignHack 28.81\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 26,000-35,000 &
  \cAlignHack 35 &
  \cAlignHack 11.86\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Occupation of the Mothers} }
\label{tw-a04ec19ad60e}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.11960000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4157\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20830000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25639999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Occupation  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Housewife &
  \cAlignHack 78 &
  \cAlignHack 26.44\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Farmer  &
  \cAlignHack 92 &
  \cAlignHack 31.18\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Teacher  &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 33.89\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Lawyer  &
  \cAlignHack 25 &
  \cAlignHack 8.47\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Locality Status-Wise Distribution} }
\label{tw-0d36a097c1b9}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1195\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4157\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2024\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2624\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.no & \cAlignHack Locality Status  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Urban  &
  \cAlignHack 197 &
  \cAlignHack 66.77\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Rural  &
  \cAlignHack 98  &
  \cAlignHack 33.22\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Drugs Prescribed Per Prescription} }
\label{tw-a0c13f0fe7fa}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1196\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4301\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2543\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Number of Drugs   & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Two  &
  \cAlignHack 78 &
  \cAlignHack 26.44\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Three  &
  \cAlignHack 68 &
  \cAlignHack 23.05\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Four  &
  \cAlignHack 72 &
  \cAlignHack 24.40\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Five  &
  \cAlignHack 77 &
  \cAlignHack 26.10 \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Dosage Forms Prescribed Per Prescription} }
\label{tw-d6a69f8d25ff}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.11959999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4156\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21680000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.24799999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Dosage Form  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Injection  &
  \cAlignHack 71 &
  \cAlignHack 24.06\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Syrup  &
  \cAlignHack 69 &
  \cAlignHack 23.38\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Tablet  &
  \cAlignHack 100 &
  \cAlignHack 33.89\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Suppository  &
  \cAlignHack 55 &
  \cAlignHack 18.64\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Antibiotics Prescribed} }
\label{tw-92c2b3884b7c}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.11350000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4258999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20439999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2562\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Antibiotics  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Ceftriaxone  &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 3.38\\
\cAlignHack 2  &
  \cAlignHack Pantoprazole  &
  \cAlignHack 29 &
  \cAlignHack 9.83\\
\cAlignHack 3  &
  \cAlignHack Amikacin  &
  \cAlignHack 41 &
  \cAlignHack 13.89\\
\cAlignHack 4  &
  \cAlignHack Citrine  &
  \cAlignHack 28 &
  \cAlignHack 9.49\\
\cAlignHack 5  &
  \cAlignHack Chloroquine  &
  \cAlignHack 63 &
  \cAlignHack 21.35\\
\cAlignHack 6  &
  \cAlignHack Ofloxacin &
  \cAlignHack 19 &
  \cAlignHack 6.44\\
\cAlignHack 7  &
  \cAlignHack Diclofenac  &
  \cAlignHack 38 &
  \cAlignHack 12.88\\
\cAlignHack 8  &
  \cAlignHack Platelet therapy &
  \cAlignHack 21 &
  \cAlignHack 7.11\\
\cAlignHack 9  &
  \cAlignHack Permethrin cream &
  \cAlignHack 30 &
  \cAlignHack 1.016\\
\cAlignHack 10  &
  \cAlignHack Tinidazole  &
  \cAlignHack 16 &
  \cAlignHack 5.42\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Categories of Pediatric Infections} }
\label{tw-1a601a9ffd03}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1134\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4467\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19410000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2458\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Infections  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Dermatology infections  &
  \cAlignHack 18 &
  \cAlignHack 6.101\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Respiratory tract infections &
  \cAlignHack 17 &
  \cAlignHack 5.82\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Gastrointestinal infections &
  \cAlignHack 25 &
  \cAlignHack 8.47\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Urinary tract infections  &
  \cAlignHack 22 &
  \cAlignHack 7.45\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack Ear infections &
  \cAlignHack 31 &
  \cAlignHack 10.50\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack Nose infections &
  \cAlignHack 30 &
  \cAlignHack 10.16\\
\cAlignHack 7 &
  \cAlignHack Throat infection  &
  \cAlignHack 24 &
  \cAlignHack 8.13\\
\cAlignHack 8 &
  \cAlignHack Malaria &
  \cAlignHack 26 &
  \cAlignHack 8.81\\
\cAlignHack 9 &
  \cAlignHack Typhoid  &
  \cAlignHack 28 &
  \cAlignHack 9.49\\
\cAlignHack 10  &
  \cAlignHack Dengue &
  \cAlignHack 74 &
  \cAlignHack 25.08\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Laboratory Test} }
\label{tw-99c702b57a4d}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.11549999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.44660000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.19000000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2479\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Antibiotics  & \cAlignHack Total N= 295 & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Blood test  &
  \cAlignHack 126 &
  \cAlignHack 42.71\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Typhoid test &
  \cAlignHack 45 &
  \cAlignHack 15.25\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Malaria test &
  \cAlignHack 36 &
  \cAlignHack 12.20\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Dengue test  &
  \cAlignHack 20 &
  \cAlignHack 6.77\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack Biopsy  &
  \cAlignHack 19 &
  \cAlignHack 6.44\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack Urine culture  &
  \cAlignHack 49 &
  \cAlignHack 16.61\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Combination of Antibiotics Prescribed} }
\label{tw-a175e93b3eee}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.11969999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4506999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1962\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2334\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Antibiotics   & \cAlignHack Total N= 295  & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid  &
  \cAlignHack 49 &
  \cAlignHack 16.61\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Piperacillin + Tazobactum &
  \cAlignHack 111 &
  \cAlignHack 37.62\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Ofloxacin+Cefixime  &
  \cAlignHack 108 &
  \cAlignHack 36.61\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Cefixime+Linezolid  &
  \cAlignHack 27 &
  \cAlignHack 9.15\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Total  &
  \cAlignHack 295  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/b6304583-5826-40a8-b67d-9d486b3f6df7-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/b6304583-5826-40a8-b67d-9d486b3f6df7-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/b6304583-5826-40a8-b67d-9d486b3f6df7-upicture1.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Age}}
\label{f-153b4c60635a}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/9917e312-5f22-4a91-9072-5392b864a81b-upicture2.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/9917e312-5f22-4a91-9072-5392b864a81b-upicture2.png}{\includegraphics{images/9917e312-5f22-4a91-9072-5392b864a81b-upicture2.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Gender}}
\label{f-c1467b633491}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/2dda34b5-0fbf-4874-8344-c5e9db7dffd4-upicture3.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/2dda34b5-0fbf-4874-8344-c5e9db7dffd4-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/2dda34b5-0fbf-4874-8344-c5e9db7dffd4-upicture3.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Education of the Mothers}}
\label{f-d11088ef3a66}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/4460fef0-1bfc-4239-99b6-88485d6ab8bd-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/4460fef0-1bfc-4239-99b6-88485d6ab8bd-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/4460fef0-1bfc-4239-99b6-88485d6ab8bd-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Family Status}}
\label{f-d76d0347d0be}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/a7462ed2-fd4b-451a-8691-27be71cfddba-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/a7462ed2-fd4b-451a-8691-27be71cfddba-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/a7462ed2-fd4b-451a-8691-27be71cfddba-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Family Members}}
\label{f-2acbb6043263}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/cc0c76cf-47dc-4b0c-915b-1ebc8a40afa3-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/cc0c76cf-47dc-4b0c-915b-1ebc8a40afa3-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/cc0c76cf-47dc-4b0c-915b-1ebc8a40afa3-upicture6.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Monthly Income}}
\label{f-5b5afb2ddafd}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/1f5ae5c1-69ab-428b-98f7-85330ecc9ae0-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/1f5ae5c1-69ab-428b-98f7-85330ecc9ae0-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/1f5ae5c1-69ab-428b-98f7-85330ecc9ae0-upicture7.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Occupation of the Mothers}}
\label{f-65d414ffbce8}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/b790dd11-282c-4937-95da-735b9461d3b4-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/b790dd11-282c-4937-95da-735b9461d3b4-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/b790dd11-282c-4937-95da-735b9461d3b4-upicture8.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Locality Status}}
\label{f-ef148985de79}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/79eb3070-81e9-45ea-b030-40bb9c799226-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/79eb3070-81e9-45ea-b030-40bb9c799226-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/79eb3070-81e9-45ea-b030-40bb9c799226-upicture9.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Drugs Prescribed}}
\label{f-258db1390835}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/dca1b4e2-2527-4ddf-ba7d-675f651179f4-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/dca1b4e2-2527-4ddf-ba7d-675f651179f4-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/dca1b4e2-2527-4ddf-ba7d-675f651179f4-upicture10.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Dosage Forms}}
\label{f-1d900f664a4b}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/5d47d185-b91d-465e-9e60-6460db3a7491-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/5d47d185-b91d-465e-9e60-6460db3a7491-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/5d47d185-b91d-465e-9e60-6460db3a7491-upicture11.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Number of Antibiotics Prescribed}}
\label{f-15bdd1bb2487}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/6a0aad18-bdca-410e-b7a9-5bf172f71d8d-upicture12.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/6a0aad18-bdca-410e-b7a9-5bf172f71d8d-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/6a0aad18-bdca-410e-b7a9-5bf172f71d8d-upicture12.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Categories of Infections}}
\label{f-a3e91917d032}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/1b906367-2c0a-4b65-b755-7ffa763ecc5f-upicture13.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/1b906367-2c0a-4b65-b755-7ffa763ecc5f-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/1b906367-2c0a-4b65-b755-7ffa763ecc5f-upicture13.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Laboratory Test}}
\label{f-b59257a2a3bf}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/c4554a30-dd15-41d4-9523-8962ff449645-upicture14.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/c4554a30-dd15-41d4-9523-8962ff449645-upicture14.png}{\includegraphics{images/c4554a30-dd15-41d4-9523-8962ff449645-upicture14.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Combination of Antibiotics Prescribed}}
\label{f-9e81e748eeb1}
\end{figure}
\egroup
The age-wise distribution of patients includes 105 enrolled in the study. The age-wise distribution of the study patients had 76 (25.76\%) patients in the age group of 1 month -4 months, 87 (29.49 \%) patients in the age group of 5 months to 1 year, 64 (21.69 \%) patients in the age group of 1.5 years to 2 years, 22 (7.45 \%) patients were in the age group of 2.5 years to 3 years, 16 ( 15.59 \%) patients were in the age group of 4 years to 4.5 years [Table~\ref{tw-7fd47d283a36} and Figure~\ref{f-153b4c60635a}]. A total of 295 patients were selected for the study. The male patients were 127 (43.05\%), and the female patients were 168 (56.94\%) [Table~\ref{tw-733b72e02785} and Figure~\ref{f-c1467b633491}]. Diploma education qualification was 198 (67.11\%), Graduate education qualification was 52 (17.62\%), and Postgraduate education qualification was 45 (15.25\%) [Table~\ref{tw-3841ab9c5580} and Figure~\ref{f-d11088ef3a66}]. The study participants' family status includes joint family (238 (80.67\%) and nuclear family 57 (19.32\%) [Table~\ref{tw-b439e25a04a8} and Figure~\ref{f-d76d0347d0be}]. Family members of study participants include  1-3 family members were 85 (28.81\%), 4-5 family members 93 (31.52\%), and 6-9 family members were 117 (39.66\%) [Table~\ref{tw-48d79a6be0dd} and Figure~\ref{f-2acbb6043263}]. The monthly income of study participants included 15,000 income subjects 175 (59.32\%), 16,000-25,000 income subjects 85 (28.81\%), and 26,000-35,000 income subjects 35 (11.86\%) [Table~\ref{tw-734dc56ef155} and Figure~\ref{f-5b5afb2ddafd}]. Occupation of study subjects included Housewife occupation 78 (26.44\%), Farmer occupation was 92 (31.18\%), Teacher occupation was 100 (33.89\%), and Lawyer occupation was 25 (8.47\%) [Table~\ref{tw-a04ec19ad60e} and Figure~\ref{f-65d414ffbce8}]. The Locality status of the patients included 197 (66.77\%) patients who belonged to the urban locality and 98 (33.22\%) patients who belonged to the rural locality [Table~\ref{tw-0d36a097c1b9} and Figure~\ref{f-ef148985de79}].

The Number of drugs prescribed medications per prescription includes two medicines prescribed to patients at 78 (26.44\%), three drugs prescribed to patients were 68 (23.05\%), four medicines prescribed to patients were 72(24.40\%), five medications prescribed to patients were 77 (26.10\%) [Table~\ref{tw-a0c13f0fe7fa} and Figure~\ref{f-258db1390835}]. The Number of Dosage Forms prescribed per prescription includes injection dosage forms prescribed to patients 71(24.06\%), syrup dosage forms prescribed to patients 69 (23.38\%), tablet dosage forms specified patients were 100 (33.89\%), suppository dosage forms prescribed patients were 55 (18.64\%) [Table~\ref{tw-d6a69f8d25ff} and Figure~\ref{f-1d900f664a4b}]. Ceftriaxone-prescribed patients were 10 (3.38\%), Pantoprazole prescribed patients were 29 (9.83\%), Amikacin stipulated patients were 41 (13.89\%), Citrizine specified patients were 28 (9.49\%), Chloroquine-prescribed-patients were 63 (21.35\%), Ofloxacin prescribed patients were 19 (6.44\%), Diclofenac prescribed patients were 38 (12.88\%), Platelet therapy prescribed patients were 21 (7.11\%), Permethrin cream prescribed patients were 30 (1.016\%), Tinidazole prescribed patients were 16 (5.42\%) [Table~\ref{tw-92c2b3884b7c} and Figure~\ref{f-15bdd1bb2487}].

The various categories of pediatric Infections include Dermatology infections patients 18 (6.101\%), Respiratory tract infections patients 17 (5.82\%), Gastrointestinal infections patients 25(8.47\%), Urinary tract infections patients 22 (7.45\%), Ear infections patients 31 (10.50\%), Nose infections patients were 30 (10.16\%), Throat infection patients were 24 (8.13\%), Malaria patients were 26 (8.81\%), Typhoid patients were 28 (9.49\%), Dengue patients were 74 (25.08\%) [Table~\ref{tw-1a601a9ffd03} and Figure~\ref{f-a3e91917d032}]. It includes blood test patients, 126 (42.71\%); typhoid test patients, 45 (15.25\%); malaria test forty-five thousand eight hundred ninety-six patients, 36 (12.20\%); dengue test patients, 20 (6.77\%); biopsy patients, 19 (6.44\%), Urine culture patients, 49 (16.61\%) [Table~\ref{tw-99c702b57a4d} and Figure~\ref{f-b59257a2a3bf}]. The combination of antibiotics includes\textbf{\space }Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid prescribed patients were 49 (16.61\%), Piperacillin + Tazobactum prescribed patients were 111 (37.62\%), Ofloxacin+Cefixime specified patients were 108 (36.61\%), Cefixime+Linezolid s2+9*+-6tipulated patients were 27 (9.15\%) [Table~\ref{tw-a175e93b3eee} and Figure~\ref{f-9e81e748eeb1}].
    
\section{Discussion}
The age group of 5 months to 1-year patients was more than 87 (29.49 \%) compared to other ages. 

Female patients were more 168 (56.94\%) than males. Diploma education qualification was more than 198 (67.11\%) compared to other educational qualifications. The joint family was more than 238 (80.67\%) compared to the nuclear family. In our study 6-9 family members were more 117 (39.66\%) than other family members. 

In our monthly study income of study participants, 15,000 income subjects were more than 175 (59.32\%) compared to another category of payments. Teacher occupations were more than 100 (33.89\%) compared to other works. Urban locality patients were more 197 (66.77\%) compared to the rural category of patients. Two drugs prescribed patients were more 78 (26.44\%) compared to other prescribed medications. Tablet dosage forms prescribed to patients were more than 100 (33.89\%) compared to different prescribed drug formulations. Chloroquine-prescribed patients were more 63 (21.35\%) than other antibiotics. Dengue patients were more 74 (25.08\%) than other diagnosed cases. Blood test referred patients were more than 126 (42.71\%) compared to other lab tests. Piperacillin + Tazobactum prescribed patients were more 111 (37.62\%) than different antibiotic drug combinations.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The present study revealed that most pediatric patients admitted with pneumonia had a good treatment outcome. Patients treated with antibiotics showed a better treatment outcome than patients treated with crystalline penicillin alone. Longer duration of hospital stay was more likely associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, particular consideration should be given to children in need of other interventions.
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
I want to thank my esteemed Management \& Principal (Sreenivasulu M), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V), Muthukur (M) SPSR Nellore-524 346, Andhra Pradesh, India.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding for this study.\textbf{\space }

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
    
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