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\def\citeauthor{~Kishore~Bandarapalle,
              ~Pathakota~Bhuvan~Kumar~Reddy,
              ~Ayesha~T,
              ~Mohit~Ragavendra~M~R,
              ~Dondapati~Tejaswi,
              ~Sindhu~P,
              ~Manoj~Kumar~B}
\def\citetitle{\textbf{Formulation and evaluation of bio compounds of berberis aristata compressed tablets in psoriasis treatment}}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Kishore Bandarapalle et al.}
\firstPage{153}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{01 Oct 2022}
\acceptedDate{23 Oct 2022}
\revisedDate{22 Oct 2022}
\journalVolume{2}
\journalIssue{4}
\copyrightYear{2022}
\eISSN{2583-0953}
\journalDoi{10.26452/ijcpms.v2i4.483}
\def\authorCount{7}
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\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Medical Sciences}

\title{\textbf{Formulation and evaluation of bio compounds of berberis aristata compressed tablets in psoriasis treatment}}
\author{Kishore~Bandarapalle\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0032-4331}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Pathakota~Bhuvan~Kumar~Reddy\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4168-9305}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Ayesha~T\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-1159}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Mohit~Ragavendra~M~R\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5325-1258}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Dondapati~Tejaswi\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-5303}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Sindhu~P\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0378-0877}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}, 
            Manoj~Kumar~B~\\[5pt]{Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Tiruchanoor, Tirupati, 517503}}

\begin{abstract}
The objective of the research is to design and evaluate the bio compounds of Berberis aristata (BCBA) compressed tablets in psoriasis treatment. BCBA of dose 300 mg was compressed into tablets by employing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) as superdisintegrant and necessary excipients by employing direct compression method. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results depicts no incompatibility among the drug and excipients. The study results of pre compression parameters have excellent flow qualities and compressibility. The post-compression parameters show that the results are within the specified standard deviations. SSG exhibit better disintegrating property than MCC. The optimized formulation F6 showed better disintegrating property and In vitro drug release studies in comparison with marketed formulation. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Berberis aristata,\newline psoriasis,\newline microcrystalline cellulose,\newline pre compression
\end{keywords}
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\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Kishore~Bandarapalle~\\ Phone:\ 7995536331~\\  Email:\ kishore.brr89@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that affects 1-3\% of the world's population and is persistent, painful, recurrence and remitting.  Although the disease can strike at any age, many individuals are diagnosed in their twenties. Some authors have recognized two types of psoriasis: type I, which appears before the age of 40, and type II, which appears later and peaks between the ages of 55 and 60. The condition affects both men and women indiscriminately. The severity varies, spanning from one or more cutaneous patches to severe peeling of the entire skin. Up to 30\% of individuals may experience joint pain \unskip~\cite{1943199:28095445,1943199:28095446,1943199:28095452}.

Despite the fact that there are four treatment lines accessible for psoriatic patients, including topical, systemic, phototherapy, and biological treatment, no medication is successful enough to appropriately control psoriasis owing to patient compliance and adherence to therapy. Medical plants have played a significant part in ancient traditional medical systems. 

Till now, plants remain one of the most affordable sources of medication for the vast majority of the population with secure and negligible side effects. 

The World Health Organization has endorsed the utilization of natural medications and traditional medicines for the benefit of the world's population owing to cost-effectiveness and fewer side-effects.

Berberis aristata is reported in having anti-psoriatic activity at a dose of 350mg \unskip~\cite{1943199:28095451}. BCBA was formulated into tablet dosage form by direct compression method. 
    
\section{Materials and methods}
\textbf{Chemicals }

The study made use of analytical grade chemicals (Sigma Aldrich, Hi-media, and Merck India Ltd).

\textbf{UV spectral analysis of BCBA}

The calibration curve is the primary basis for estimating rate of drug release in in vitro drug dissolution studies. To determine the maximum absorption wavelength of selected candidates, UV spectral analysis of BCBA was undertaken using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer between 200 and 400 nm.

\textbf{Compatibility studies}

Chemical compatibility between the BCBA and excipients was studied by FT-IR Spectroscopy. About 2\% test sample was combined with potassium bromide (KBR) to obtain fine powder by grinding using small glass mortar and then crushed into KBR pellets by a hydraulic press at a pressure of 10000 psi and waited for 1 minute collecting the pellet. Each sample was screened for 32 single scans at the range of 400- 4000 cm-1.

\textbf{Preparation of BCBA compressed tablets}

The BCBA tablets were manufactured adopting the direct compression approach. The calculated amount of drug \& excipients was weighed individually, mix homogeneously and compressed [Table~\ref{tw-2a2fa1221e51}]. 

\textbf{Pre compression parameters}

\textbf{Bulk density (Db)}

A bulk density apparatus was used to determine the bulk density of the powder mixture. It is the ratio of total powder mass to total powder volume. It was calculated by pouring the weighted powder into a measuring cylinder and recording the volume. It is presented in gm/ml and is represented as

\ensuremath{D}\ensuremath{_{\ensuremath{b}}}= M/V\ensuremath{_{b}}

\textbf{Tapped density (D\ensuremath{_{t}})}

It is the ratio of total powder mass to tapped powder volume. Tapping the powder to constant volume yielded the tapped volume. It is measured in g/ml and is provided by\unskip~\cite{1943199:28095450}.

\ensuremath{D}\ensuremath{_{t\ }}= M/V\ensuremath{_{t}}

\textbf{Compressibility index (I) and Hausner's ratio}

Carr's index and Hausner's ratio measure the compressibility and the flow nature of powder mixture. It was calculated employing following formula\unskip~\cite{1943199:28095448}.

I= D\ensuremath{_{t}} - D\ensuremath{_{b\ }} / D\ensuremath{_{t}}  x 100

Hauseners ratio = Dt / Db

\textbf{Angle of repose}

The angle of repose is frequently used to determine the frictional forces in a loose powder. This is the maximum angle that formed between the surface of powder pile and the plane. A weighed powder were delivered via a funnel from a specific height (2 cm) onto a level surface, forming a heap. The heap's height and radius were recorded. The formula used to determine the angle of repose \unskip~\cite{1943199:28095447}.

Angle of repose {\o} = tan-1(h/r)


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\caption{\boldmath {UV-Vis absorption spectra of BCBA}}
\label{f-e210d72e72e0}
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\caption{\boldmath {FTIR spectrum of BCBA}}
\label{f-1923c77292df}
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\caption{\boldmath {FTIR of MCC}}
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\fixFloatSize{images/7d51dd49-373d-4b13-9137-eb20093c6fc3-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/7d51dd49-373d-4b13-9137-eb20093c6fc3-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/7d51dd49-373d-4b13-9137-eb20093c6fc3-upicture4.png}}{\includegraphics{7d51dd49-373d-4b13-9137-eb20093c6fc3-upicture4.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR spectrum of SSG}}
\label{f-68066984efa1}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d8b17fd3-fdb2-4ddd-bf35-755a3ce82ef1-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d8b17fd3-fdb2-4ddd-bf35-755a3ce82ef1-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/d8b17fd3-fdb2-4ddd-bf35-755a3ce82ef1-upicture5.png}}{\includegraphics{d8b17fd3-fdb2-4ddd-bf35-755a3ce82ef1-upicture5.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR of Talc}}
\label{f-18d4b27b0948}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/94269586-1ab0-452d-905e-ae1ef64d90df-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/94269586-1ab0-452d-905e-ae1ef64d90df-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/94269586-1ab0-452d-905e-ae1ef64d90df-upicture6.png}}{\includegraphics{94269586-1ab0-452d-905e-ae1ef64d90df-upicture6.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR of Magnesium stearate}}
\label{f-c6d2fad441e2}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d8714ad6-b3a3-4cf2-902c-02879c488fa9-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d8714ad6-b3a3-4cf2-902c-02879c488fa9-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/d8714ad6-b3a3-4cf2-902c-02879c488fa9-upicture7.png}}{\includegraphics{d8714ad6-b3a3-4cf2-902c-02879c488fa9-upicture7.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {FT-IR of BCBA and excipients}}
\label{f-1d40399442b9}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/d999f28f-3f68-497b-b5c0-d3a972a401b8-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/d999f28f-3f68-497b-b5c0-d3a972a401b8-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/d999f28f-3f68-497b-b5c0-d3a972a401b8-upicture8.png}}{\includegraphics{d999f28f-3f68-497b-b5c0-d3a972a401b8-upicture8.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Disintegration time of Formulations F1-F7 \& Marketed Product}}
\label{f-917714a31046}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/994d12bb-d25d-4aba-96cd-bedafaafb319-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/994d12bb-d25d-4aba-96cd-bedafaafb319-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/994d12bb-d25d-4aba-96cd-bedafaafb319-upicture9.png}}{\includegraphics{994d12bb-d25d-4aba-96cd-bedafaafb319-upicture9.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Dissolution studies of formulations F1-F4}}
\label{f-e79a802a3bd4}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/e84b772f-4713-44da-96f0-7ff6b6e24e43-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/e84b772f-4713-44da-96f0-7ff6b6e24e43-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/e84b772f-4713-44da-96f0-7ff6b6e24e43-upicture10.png}}{\includegraphics{e84b772f-4713-44da-96f0-7ff6b6e24e43-upicture10.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Dissolution studies of formulations F5-F7}}
\label{f-059c7c9d93bd}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/a2166470-eb95-4d92-9cf0-a38055571181-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/a2166470-eb95-4d92-9cf0-a38055571181-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/a2166470-eb95-4d92-9cf0-a38055571181-upicture11.png}}{\includegraphics{a2166470-eb95-4d92-9cf0-a38055571181-upicture11.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Dissolution studies of formulations F7 and Marketed Product}}
\label{f-d27365da5d44}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Formula for the Preparation of BCBA tablets} }
\label{tw-2a2fa1221e51}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.18639999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1067\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11329999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.11669999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.10510000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1217\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1133\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1368\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Ingredients & \cAlignHack F1 & \cAlignHack F2 & \cAlignHack F3 & \cAlignHack F4 & \cAlignHack F5 & \cAlignHack F6 & \cAlignHack F7\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack BCBA &
  \cAlignHack 350 &
  \cAlignHack 350 &
  \cAlignHack 350 &
  \cAlignHack 350 &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 350 &
  \cAlignHack 350\\
\cAlignHack Microcrystalline cellulose &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 26.5 &
  \cAlignHack 35 &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack -\\
\cAlignHack Sodium starch glycolate &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack 14 &
  \cAlignHack 21 &
  \cAlignHack 28\\
\cAlignHack Talc &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5\\
\cAlignHack Magnesium stearate &
  \cAlignHack - &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5 &
  \cAlignHack 17.5\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Precompression parameters of formulation F1-F7} }
\label{tw-b0644a0bd30a}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.14\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.14\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1362\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1638\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Formulation & \cAlignHack Angle of repose & \cAlignHack Bulk density & \cAlignHack Tapped density & \cAlignHack Carr's index & \cAlignHack Hausner's ratio\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack F1 &
  \cAlignHack 25 &
  \cAlignHack 0.83 &
  \cAlignHack 0.96 &
  \cAlignHack 13.54 &
  \cAlignHack 1.15\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack F2 &
  \cAlignHack 24 &
  \cAlignHack 0.72 &
  \cAlignHack 0.80 &
  \cAlignHack 10 &
  \cAlignHack 1.11\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack F3 &
  \cAlignHack 23 &
  \cAlignHack 0.69 &
  \cAlignHack 0.77 &
  \cAlignHack 9.7 &
  \cAlignHack 1.10\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack F4 &
  \cAlignHack 21 &
  \cAlignHack 0.69 &
  \cAlignHack 0.76 &
  \cAlignHack 9.0 &
  \cAlignHack 1.10\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack F5 &
  \cAlignHack 18 &
  \cAlignHack 0.71 &
  \cAlignHack 0.80 &
  \cAlignHack 11.2 &
  \cAlignHack 1.13\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack F6 &
  \cAlignHack 24 &
  \cAlignHack 0.73 &
  \cAlignHack 0.86 &
  \cAlignHack 15 &
  \cAlignHack 1.17\\
\cAlignHack 7 &
  \cAlignHack F7 &
  \cAlignHack 23 &
  \cAlignHack 0.66 &
  \cAlignHack 0.72 &
  \cAlignHack 8.0 &
  \cAlignHack 1.09\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Postcompression parameters of formulation F1-F7 \& MP} }
\label{tw-ac04230edc25}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.13129999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1555\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1932\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Formulation & \cAlignHack Thickness \& Diameter \mbox{}\protect\newline  & \cAlignHack Hardness(Limit: \mbox{}\protect\newline 3-5 \mbox{}\protect\newline Kg/cm\ensuremath{^{2}}) & \cAlignHack Friability (Limit:{\textless}1\%) & \cAlignHack \%Weight variation\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1. &
  \cAlignHack F1 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.6 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 2. &
  \cAlignHack F2 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.47 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 3. &
  \cAlignHack F3 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.42 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 4. &
  \cAlignHack F4 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.93 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 5. &
  \cAlignHack F5 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.79 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 6. &
  \cAlignHack F6 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.67 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 7. &
  \cAlignHack F7 &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3.5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.92 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\cAlignHack 8. &
  \cAlignHack Marketed Tablet &
  \cAlignHack Within limits &
  \cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack 0.57 &
  \cAlignHack Pass\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Release kinetics of formulations F1-F7 \& MP} }
\label{tw-7f5ac7cb095c}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.16200000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.15799999999999999\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Formulation & \cAlignHack Zero Order (r) & \cAlignHack First Order(r) & \cAlignHack Higuchi(r) & \cAlignHack Hixson Crowell (r) & \cAlignHack Korsm Pepp \mbox{}\protect\newline (r)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack F1 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9593 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9803 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9822 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9259 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8785\\
\cAlignHack F2 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9453 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9908 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9032 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9127 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8683\\
\cAlignHack F3 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9674 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9957 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8963 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9245 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8753\\
\cAlignHack F4 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9651 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9996 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9371 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9637 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8469\\
\cAlignHack F5 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9002 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9918 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9572 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9511 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8961\\
\cAlignHack F6 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9456 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9901 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9127 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9782 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8521\\
\cAlignHack F7 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9217 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9946 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8631 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9745 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9041\\
\cAlignHack MP &
  \cAlignHack 0.9743 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9995 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8564 &
  \cAlignHack 0.9785 &
  \cAlignHack 0.8524\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Post compression parameters Dimensions}

The tablets thickness and diameter evaluated using digital vernier callipers or screw guaze. The permitted difference is \ensuremath{\pm}5\%\unskip~\cite{1943199:28095449}.

The percent difference in thickness and diameter can be calculated by using the formula:

Percent difference = Average {\textendash} Individual reading /AverageX100

\textbf{Hardness}

It was performed with a hardness tester and stated in kg/cm\ensuremath{^{2}}.

\textbf{Friability (F)}

Friability was determined using the Roche friabilator and represented as a percentage. Randomly collect 20 tablets and weighed collectively and record as W1 and placed in the friability chamber, which was rotated at 25 rpm for 4 minutes. Then collect the tablets and weigh record as W2. The \% friability computed using the formula below \unskip~\cite{1943199:28095442}.

\%F = W1-W2/W1 X 100

\textbf{Weight variation test}

Collect randomly 20 tablets, weighed individually. Determine the average weight for 20 tablets. Calculate the \% weight variation for 20 tablets individually. Not more than two individual weights of tablets should fall out of the limits i.e.,\ensuremath{\pm}5\%.

\% Weight variation = Average weight {\textendash} Individual tablet weight / Average weight x 100

\textbf{Disintegration test}

Disintegration test can be done by using tablet disintegration tester which contains 6 glass tubes with mesh of size 10 at bottom of each glass tube. Tablets are placed in glass tubes and dip in a one litre beaker of water maintained at body temperature. The basket operated at a speed of 28 to 32 cycles per minute by employing a motor. The time required to tablet to completely disintegrate into pieces is noted which gives disintegration time \unskip~\cite{1943199:28095443}.

\textbf{Dissolution studies}

Rotating paddle apparatus (USP type II) employed. Tablet was placed in 900 ml of Phosphate Buffer Saline 7.4 dissolution medium. The dissolution medium was stirred at a rate of 50 rpm and maintained at a temperature equivalent to that of body temperature. The sample of 1 ml pipette out, diluted to 10 ml at every 15 min interval upto 90 min. The amount of drug release at every interval was calculated by using UV-spectrophotometer Wave length: 340 nm.

\textbf{Release kinetics}

Data obtained from the in vitro release studies were fitted to various kinetic equations such as zero order, first order, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer- Peppas model\unskip~\cite{1943199:28095444}.
    
\section{Results and discussion}
\textbf{UV Spectral Analysis of BCBA}

The BCBA solution was examined between 200 and 400 nm as showed in the Figure~\ref{f-e210d72e72e0}. The absorption maximum was found to be 340 nm used for further studies showed in Figure~\ref{f-e210d72e72e0}.

\textbf{FTIR study}

\textbf{FTIR of BCBA}

The FTIR studies reported compatibility of BCBA with excipients and no significant interactions were observed (Figures~\ref{f-1923c77292df}, \ref{f-249a8282c26a}, \ref{f-68066984efa1}, \ref{f-18d4b27b0948}, \ref{f-c6d2fad441e2} and~\ref{f-1d40399442b9}).

\textbf{Precompression parameters}

Pursuant to the study results of pre compression parameters include angle of repose, cars index,and hausners ratio, the powder mixture of all formulations (F1-F7) has excelentf low qualities and compressibility [Table~\ref{tw-b0644a0bd30a}].

\textbf{Postcompression parameters}

The observation of results of post compression parameters depicts that thickness and diameter of the compressed tablets are within the limits (i.e {\textless}5\%) states that no variation in the tablet weight. 

Hardness and friability reveals the tablets of all formulations (F1-F7) are having sufficient strength and surface strength. 

The results of percentage weight variation of formulations F1-F7 including marketed product reveals variation of tablet weight are within the prescribed limits [Table~\ref{tw-ac04230edc25}].

\textbf{Disintegration time}

The disintegration time of formulations F1-F7 and marketed product was in the range of 1mim 45 sec to 7 min 57 sec which falls within in the prescribed limits. Disintegration time of the tablets was highly influenced by the super disintegrating agents and its concentration. The increased concentration of microcrystalline cellulose in formulations F2-F4 the disintegration time decreased from 6 min 2 seconds to 3 min 6 sec. The increased concentration of sodium starch glycolate in formulations F5-F7 the disintegration time decreased from 5 min 18 sec to 1 min 45 sec. In comparison to microcrystalline cellulose the sodium starch glycolate exhibits better disintegrating property.The results show that the disintegration time of the tablets lowers as the concentration of super disintegrating agent increases. The F7 formulation with sodium starch glycolate was optimized which disintegrates in less time than the marketed product (Figure~\ref{f-917714a31046}).

\textbf{Dissolution studies}

The rate of drug release is high in formulations contain SSG as superdisintegrant in comparison to formulations prepared with MCC. The F7 formulation prepared with 8 \% SSG releases the complete drug at the end of 60 min in comparison with the formulations prepared with 4\% and 6\% SSG. The rate of drug release is high in F7 formulation comparison to marketed product, hence it was optimized (Figures~\ref{f-e79a802a3bd4}, \ref{f-059c7c9d93bd} and~\ref{f-d27365da5d44}).

\textbf{Mathematical Model Fitting of Obtained Drug Release Data}

The obtained drug release profiles data from all the 7 runs of BCBA compressed tablets and marketed product at different time intervals was fitted to various drug release kinetic models. As mentioned in the table the correlation coefficient value (r) was found to be maximum for first order model. The maximum r value for first order model confirmed that the diffusion of drug into dissolution medium is dose dependent [Table~\ref{tw-7f5ac7cb095c}].
    
\section{Conclusion}
The bio components of Berberis aristata compressed tablets were effectively processed using the direct compression technique. The FTIR analysis showed that BCBA is compatible with excipients. According to the research findings of pre compression parameters the powder mixture of all formulations (F1-F7) has acceptable flow qualities and compressibility. The post compression parameters show that the tablets have adequate hardness, surface strength, thickness, and diameter, and also it pass the \% weight variation test. Sodium starch glycolate disintegrates faster than microcrystalline cellulose. In compared to the marketed product, the optimised formulation F7 exhibited improved disintegration properties and in vitro drug release studies.
    
\section{Acknowledgement }
The corresponding author desires to explict utmost gratitude to the Management and Prof. Dr. D. Ranganayakulu, M. Pharm., Ph.D., Principal, Sri padmavathi school of pharmacy, Tiruchanoor, Andhra Pradesh, India, for presenting all the necessary laboratory demands of the research research and constant support.

\textbf{Funding}

Nil.

\textbf{Conflict}

Nil.
    
\balance 

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