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\def\citeauthor{~Salma~Shaik,
              ~Kudipudi~Harinadha~Baba,
              ~Katakam~Pavana~Narasimha,
              ~Mohammed~Arshiya~Rehamath,
              ~Paturu~Dharani,
              ~Polisetty~Harshavardhan,
              ~Poori~Kusuma~Kumari}
\def\citetitle{Hydroalcoholic Extraction of Ipomoea pes caprae Leaf Extract of Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Salma Shaik et al.}
\firstPage{395}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{20 Jul 2023}
\acceptedDate{10 Aug 2023}
\revisedDate{09 Aug 2023}
\journalVolume{3}
\journalIssue{3}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i3.505}
\copyrightYear{2023}
\eISSN{2583-116X}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i3.505}
\def\authorCount{7}
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\def\journalTitle{Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences}

\title{Hydroalcoholic Extraction of Ipomoea pes caprae Leaf Extract of Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans}
\author{Salma~Shaik\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7097-0615}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Kudipudi~Harinadha~Baba\textsuperscript{2},  
            Katakam~Pavana~Narasimha\textsuperscript{3},  
            Mohammed~Arshiya~Rehamath\textsuperscript{3},  
            Paturu~Dharani\textsuperscript{3},  
            Polisetty~Harshavardhan\textsuperscript{3}, 
            Poori~Kusuma~Kumari\textsuperscript{3}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Narayana pharmacy college, Chinthareddy Palem, Nellore-524003, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of pharmaceutical analysis, Narayana pharmacy college, Chinthareddy Palem, Nellore-524003, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Narayana pharmacy college, Chinthareddy Palem, Nellore-524003, Andhra pradesh, India}}

\begin{abstract}
The current study is to prepare hydroalcoholic extraction of ipomea pes caprae leaf extract of antifungal activity against candida albicans. Ipomoea pes caprae leaves are extracted using a hydroalcoholic solvent in a 1:9 ratio, which consists of 1 part water as well as 9 parts of the alcohol. These plant extracts are used to treat antifungal diseases. The antifungal activity  of  ipomoea pes-caprae leaf extract and their  respective zone of inhibitions were evaluated. From  the  results,  it  was confirmed  that  the  hydroalcoholic extract  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the ipomoea pes caprae demonstrated exceptional activity as compared to that of a typical medication.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Hydroalcoholic,\newline Ipomoea pes caprae,\newline Antifungal,\newline Candida albicans
\end{keywords}
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\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Salma~Shaik~\\ Phone:\ +91 95818 83840~\\  Email:\ salma.mpharm@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
Ipomoea pes-caprae is a common pantropical creeping vine in the family Convolvulaceae, sometimes known as bayhops, bay-hops, beach morning glory, or goat's foot \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743291}. It tolerates saline air and grows on the top portions of beaches. It serves as one of the best known examples of oceanic dispersal and is one of the most prevalent and extensively dispersed salt-tolerant plants. Its seeds are unharmed by salt water and float. Its current genus was assigned to the original description by Linnaeus by Robert Brown in 1818. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial, collagenase inhibitory, antispasmodic, anticancer, antitumor and antiproliferative, as well as multidrug-resistance efflux inhibitory actions are some of the key activities associated with this plant. A workable method of phytoremediation has been described as using aquatic macrophytes to extract nutrients from wastewater and to prevent freshwater eutrophication \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743297}. For this purpose, several plants, including I. aquatica, have been studied. It might be a desirable choice for this usage because it is marketable and edible. Especially the leaves, which are a good source of carotene, are fed to livestock as high-nutrient green fodder. Cattle, pigs, fish, ducks, and chicken all eat it. Additionally, it is mentioned that I. aquatica may have a mild laxative effect in little doses. Utilised as a diuretic, laxative, and carminative is Ipomoea pes caprae. Abdominal ailments are treated by Ipomoea pes caprae. Pes-caprae leaves are used in Thailand, Malaysia, China, Mauritius, and Australia to cure a variety of painful and inflammatory joint and skin conditions, including arthritis, rheumatism, boils, bedsores, and stings from jellyfish and stonefish. Ipomoea pes caprae is having anti-fungal  activity. Ipomoea pes caprae is also effective in treating fever, headache \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743281}. 
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
\textbf{Collection of plant material}

Ipomoea pes caprae leaves were gathered from the area near and around the Narayana group's facility in Chinthareddypalem, Nellore. 

Each of the specimens is kept in the Narayana Pharmacy College's medicinal garden.

\textbf{Preparation of powder}

The soil and other adherent materials were removed from the leaves after they had been harvested by washing them in freshwater \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743283}. 

A sufficient amount of leaves were air dried at room temperature, ground in a grinding mixer to a coarse powder, and then sieved through a 40-mesh screen.

\textbf{Preparation of extract}

Extraction techniques differ depending on the operation's size, goal, and source material. Chromatography provides quick and precise results for a variety of research purposes \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743294}.

\textbf{Solvent Extraction by continuous hot soxhlet extractor}

Franz von Soxhlet created the soxhlet, a piece of scientific equipment, in 1879. Only when the desired molecule has a restricted solubility in a solvent and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent is a soxhlet extraction necessary \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743293} [6].

\textbf{Methods}

\textbf{Preliminary Phytochemical Screening}

To qualitatively detect phytoconstituents, preliminary phytochemical tests were conducted. To determine the numerous phytoconstituents in each extract, qualitative tests were carried out. 

Following are the different assays and reagents used, along with the observations that were made \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743288}.

\textbf{Alkaloids}

\textbf{Dragendroff's test}

Dragendroff's reagent (potassium bismuth iodide solution) is added to 1 ml of extract. Alkaloids are present when an orange-red precipitate forms \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743292}. 

\textbf{Carbohydrates }

\textbf{Benedict's test }

5 ml of Benedict's reagent was applied to 1 ml of the filtrate \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743286,2037078:28743290}. When the mixture was cooked, a red precipitate showed up, indicating the existence of polysaccharides \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743296,2037078:28743295} [Figures~\ref{f-190632bbb847}, \ref{f-98acde579df8}, \ref{f-aa0572c823c9}, \ref{f-ab758f33c754} and~\ref{f-c702d407b4c9}].

\textbf{Flavones and Flavonoids}

The investigated plant's 10\% ethanolic extract was combined with 10\% hydrochloric acid, 0.5 ml of magnesium metal, and 1 ml of the mixture. The presence of flavonoids is indicated by a pronounced reddish tint. When sodium hydroxide and five ml of 1\% hydrochloric acid extract were agitated, a yellow tint emerged, signifying the existence of compound flavonoids [Figures~\ref{f-a1f3e87aaf8a}, \ref{f-e56e1d916f30}, \ref{f-fff90b2cdb9b}, \ref{f-fdf6539babfc} and~\ref{f-6ca30b5019ca}].

\textbf{Saponins}

1 g of the investigated plant was cooked in 10 ml of water for a short period before being filtered. The filter was shaken ferociously. The presence of saponins is shown by the persistent foam (1 cm height) that was seen for 1 hour [Figures~\ref{f-ef1119dd3766}, \ref{f-14b059c41b3e} and~\ref{f-7d062e82c495}].


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\caption{\boldmath {Soxhlet Extraction of Leaves of \textit{Ipomoea pes-caprae}}}
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\caption{\boldmath {\textbf{Leaves Extract of \textit{Ipomoea pes-caprae}}}}
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\egroup

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\fixFloatSize{images/039322ad-47ae-48d8-a574-4c2333f3aca6-upicture3.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/039322ad-47ae-48d8-a574-4c2333f3aca6-upicture3.png}{\includegraphics{images/039322ad-47ae-48d8-a574-4c2333f3aca6-upicture3.png}}{\includegraphics{039322ad-47ae-48d8-a574-4c2333f3aca6-upicture3.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Dragendroff's Test}}
\label{f-aa0572c823c9}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/46b9c1d1-0e71-4e83-82cd-b42d7c3c4c47-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/46b9c1d1-0e71-4e83-82cd-b42d7c3c4c47-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/46b9c1d1-0e71-4e83-82cd-b42d7c3c4c47-upicture4.png}}{\includegraphics{46b9c1d1-0e71-4e83-82cd-b42d7c3c4c47-upicture4.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Carbohydrates Test}}
\label{f-ab758f33c754}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ae9eb294-d849-4746-8a26-4dd9df08f1ce-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ae9eb294-d849-4746-8a26-4dd9df08f1ce-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/ae9eb294-d849-4746-8a26-4dd9df08f1ce-upicture5.png}}{\includegraphics{ae9eb294-d849-4746-8a26-4dd9df08f1ce-upicture5.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Flavonoids Test}}
\label{f-c702d407b4c9}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/bcdf0242-0b50-4b17-9d47-43d2ae237d14-upicture6.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/bcdf0242-0b50-4b17-9d47-43d2ae237d14-upicture6.png}{\includegraphics{images/bcdf0242-0b50-4b17-9d47-43d2ae237d14-upicture6.png}}{\includegraphics{bcdf0242-0b50-4b17-9d47-43d2ae237d14-upicture6.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Saponins Test}}
\label{f-a1f3e87aaf8a}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/177dbec9-ed99-4320-b062-ac43636ac25c-upicture7.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/177dbec9-ed99-4320-b062-ac43636ac25c-upicture7.png}{\includegraphics{images/177dbec9-ed99-4320-b062-ac43636ac25c-upicture7.png}}{\includegraphics{177dbec9-ed99-4320-b062-ac43636ac25c-upicture7.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Tannins Test}}
\label{f-e56e1d916f30}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/ade38c14-c94c-4599-948a-d97fa92f1ef9-upicture8.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/ade38c14-c94c-4599-948a-d97fa92f1ef9-upicture8.png}{\includegraphics{images/ade38c14-c94c-4599-948a-d97fa92f1ef9-upicture8.png}}{\includegraphics{ade38c14-c94c-4599-948a-d97fa92f1ef9-upicture8.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical screening of \textit{Ipomea pes caprae} leaf extract}}
\label{f-fff90b2cdb9b}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/2621c2a5-71a7-40e7-a2d3-31f65f7a817a-upicture9.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/2621c2a5-71a7-40e7-a2d3-31f65f7a817a-upicture9.png}{\includegraphics{images/2621c2a5-71a7-40e7-a2d3-31f65f7a817a-upicture9.png}}{\includegraphics{2621c2a5-71a7-40e7-a2d3-31f65f7a817a-upicture9.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of \textit{Ipomoea pes-caprae} extracton \textit{Candida albicans} species}}
\label{f-fdf6539babfc}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/dcb56eac-58f2-4e3a-b9db-ab5d6d1f1e85-upicture10.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/dcb56eac-58f2-4e3a-b9db-ab5d6d1f1e85-upicture10.png}{\includegraphics{images/dcb56eac-58f2-4e3a-b9db-ab5d6d1f1e85-upicture10.png}}{\includegraphics{dcb56eac-58f2-4e3a-b9db-ab5d6d1f1e85-upicture10.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Effect of \textit{Ipomoea pes-capra} extract on \textit{Candida albicans} species}}
\label{f-6ca30b5019ca}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/1b845012-db7a-436a-a360-e88f54c62013-upicture11.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/1b845012-db7a-436a-a360-e88f54c62013-upicture11.png}{\includegraphics{images/1b845012-db7a-436a-a360-e88f54c62013-upicture11.png}}{\includegraphics{1b845012-db7a-436a-a360-e88f54c62013-upicture11.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {(Dilution-2) Effect of \textit{Ipomoea pes-capra} extraction \textit{Candida albicans} species}}
\label{f-ef1119dd3766}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/923ffc78-6690-4366-8a14-c3613fc04616-upicture12.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/923ffc78-6690-4366-8a14-c3613fc04616-upicture12.png}{\includegraphics{images/923ffc78-6690-4366-8a14-c3613fc04616-upicture12.png}}{\includegraphics{923ffc78-6690-4366-8a14-c3613fc04616-upicture12.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {(Dilution-3) Effect of \textit{Ipomoea pes-capra} extraction \textit{Candida albicans} species}}
\label{f-14b059c41b3e}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/59bf8922-f165-44f8-a8f4-f8bac3e74150-upicture13.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/59bf8922-f165-44f8-a8f4-f8bac3e74150-upicture13.png}{\includegraphics{images/59bf8922-f165-44f8-a8f4-f8bac3e74150-upicture13.png}}{\includegraphics{59bf8922-f165-44f8-a8f4-f8bac3e74150-upicture13.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {(Dilution-4) Effect of \textit{Ipomoea pes-capra} extract on \textit{Candida albicans} species}}
\label{f-7d062e82c495}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical Screening of Leaves Extracts of \textit{I.pes. caprae}} }
\label{tw-4e0b0dd1cf8e}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.18709999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4663000000000001\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3466\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Phytochemical Compounds & \cAlignHack Methanol Extract\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Alkaloids &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Tannins &
  \cAlignHack ++\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Saponins &
  \cAlignHack ++\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack Carbohydrates &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack Glycosides &
  \cAlignHack --\\
\cAlignHack 7 &
  \cAlignHack Proteins &
  \cAlignHack --\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{+ indicates Present of minor amounts}
    
\item{++ indicates Present of moderate}
    
\item{-- indicates not detected}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical Screening of Leaves Extracts of \textit{I.pes.caprae}} }
\label{tw-e386be9f1a24}
\centering 
\begin{threeparttable}

\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.17720000000000002\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4861\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3367\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack S.No & \cAlignHack Phytochemical \mbox{}\protect\newline Compounds & \cAlignHack Methanol \mbox{}\protect\newline Extract\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack Alkaloids &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack Flavonoids &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 3 &
  \cAlignHack Tannins &
  \cAlignHack ++\\
\cAlignHack 4 &
  \cAlignHack Saponins &
  \cAlignHack ++\\
\cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack Carbohydrates &
  \cAlignHack +\\
\cAlignHack 6 &
  \cAlignHack Glycosides &
  \cAlignHack --\\
\cAlignHack 7 &
  \cAlignHack Proteins &
  \cAlignHack --\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{+  indicates Present of minor amounts}
    
\item{++  indicates Present of  moderate}
    
\item{--  indicates not detected}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {n-o2-zone of inhibition of \textit{Ipomoea pes-caprae} extraction \textit{Candida albicans} species} }
\label{tw-48b03db29197}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.4767\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.5233\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\multicolumn{2}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack On Candida Albicans}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Concentration(\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) & \cAlignHack Zone of inhibition(mm)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack 10\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml &
  \cAlignHack ---\\
\cAlignHack 100\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml &
  \cAlignHack 7\\
\cAlignHack 1000\ensuremath{\mu}g/ml &
  \cAlignHack 12\\
\cAlignHack standard &
  \cAlignHack 15\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
\textbf{Tannins}

About 2 g of the plant's air-dried powder was extracted with methanol (50\%) and subjected to the subsequent test to determine whether tannins were present. 

\textbf{By Using FeCL\ensuremath{_{3}}}

The presence of bluish or greenish-black colour in the extract when 1 drop of ferric chloride was added to 2 ml of the extract denotes the existence of pyrogallol or catechol tannins, respectively. 2 ml of vanillin and 5 ml of the plant's alcoholic extract were combined. If a precipitate forms, use a solution of hydrochloric acid. Gallic acid is present, as shown by this [Tables~\ref{tw-4e0b0dd1cf8e}, \ref{tw-e386be9f1a24} and~\ref{tw-48b03db29197}].

\textbf{Methods for Microbial Assay of Antifungals:}

\textbf{The Agar plate Method:}

In this procedure, the desired microorganisms are suspended in the appropriate nutrition media, which is then placed into a petri dish and incubated at the proper temperature. This encourages the exponential proliferation of microorganisms \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743287} [13]. 

The appropriately cut pieces of filter paper are submerged in the test and standard antifungal solutions. The pieces are then re-incubated after being spread out over the microbial nutrition media with the proper spacing in between. After a predetermined amount of incubation, the plates are removed, and the inhibitory zone diameter of the test and reference samples is measured. The concentration and potency of test samples are calculated by comparing the zones of inhibition of test and standard \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743278}. 

\textbf{In vitro Pharmacological Evaluation}

\textbf{Anti-Fungal Activity}

A form of bioassay called a microbiological test is used to examine chemicals or other substances that have an impact on microorganisms. A microbiological assay is a process of measuring and comparing the area of the zone of inhibition or turbidity caused by the test chemicals with that of the standard over an appropriate microorganism under prescribed conditions to estimate the concentration or potency of an antibiotic \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743279}. According to the definition, the idea is that when an antibiotic is given, the growth of microbes is inhibited as shown by a reduction in the zone of microbial colony on nutrition media or a reduction in turbidity as a result of a reduction in microbiological concentrations.

\textbf{Preparation of Cell of Spore Suspension }

Separately for each species, the stock cultures of candida albicans [MTTCNo-183] and three loops of material are taken and combined in 0.5ml of distilled water \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743289}. 

\textbf{Dilution Preparations ;}

Sterilised water is employed as the control because the ethanol extract of Ipomoea pes caprae leaves was weighed and dissolved in it using the sonification procedure to provide the following dilutions of 10,100 g/ml \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743284}. 

\textbf{Standard}

Fluconazole (1,10,100 \ensuremath{\mu}g/ml) antifungal agent is used as standard \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743285,2037078:28743343}.

\textbf{Procedure }


  
  \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax Samples are put into watch glasses after being dissolved to the necessary concentration. 
  \item \relax Prepared Whattman filter paper discs are inserted into watch glasses with various test sample concentrations. 
  \item \relax The removed and dried paper discs 
  \item \relax To make a cell or spore suspension of candida albicans, 0.2 ml of the suspension was transferred to a sterile petri plate, and then potato dextrose agar medium was added and allowed to set.
  \item \relax Carefully placing the sample-containing discs in the Petri plates, three days of incubation at 24 degrees Celsius were then allowed.
  \item \relax After removing the plates, measure the test and standard sample's zone of inhibition's diameter \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743280}.
  \end{enumerate}
  \textbf{Agar Well Diffusion Model:}

Agar well diffusion method tests the effectiveness of antifungals on a specific microorganism nutrient agar and potato dextrose were swapped with broth culture of respective fungi. These plates each had a well created with a sterile cork borer. Plant solvent extracts were injected into the wells using a syringe at concentrations of approximately 100 g/ml, 10 g/ml, and 1 g/ml, and left to diffuse at room temperature for 2 hours. These plates were then incubated at 37 degrees for 48 hours to detect fungal infections, and the diameter of the incubation zone (mm) was determined \unskip~\cite{2037078:28743282}.
    
\section{Results and Discussion}
\textbf{Antifungal Activity:}

The antifungal effect was carried out for  the Ethanol Ipomoea pes-caprae leaf extracts and the zone of inhibition of the aforementioned extracts at various concentrations are measured as well as determined below.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The antifungal activity  of ipomoea  pes-caprae leaf extract and their  respective zone of inhibitions was evaluated. From  the above results,  it  was confirmed  that  the  hydroalcoholic extract  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  the ipomoea pes caprae demonstrated exceptional activity as compared to that of a standard drug.
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
We want to thank the principal and management of Narayana Pharmacy College for their immense support  to complete this research work.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest for this study.
    

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