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\def\citeauthor{~Audinarayana~Nelavala,
              ~Yelamanda~Jagadeesh,
              ~Vinay~Kumar~Rao~Khadam}
\def\citetitle{Formulation and Evaluation of Analytical Methods of Ertapenem Nano Emulsions}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Audinarayana Nelavala et al.}
\firstPage{297}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{15 Jun 2023}
\acceptedDate{04 Jul 2023}
\revisedDate{03 Jul 2023}
\journalVolume{3}
\journalIssue{3}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i3.478}
\copyrightYear{2023}
\eISSN{2583-116X}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i3.478}
\def\authorCount{3}
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\def\journalTitle{Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences}

\title{Formulation and Evaluation of Analytical Methods of Ertapenem Nano Emulsions}
\author{Audinarayana~Nelavala\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1602-4426}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Yelamanda~Jagadeesh\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5842-3024}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}, 
            Vinay~Kumar~Rao~Khadam\textsuperscript{3}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3490-0114}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy (Autonomous), RVS Nagar, Tirupati Rd, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh {\textendash} 517127, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Pharmaceutics, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy (Autonomous) accredited A grade by NAAC. Venkatramapuram, Ramachandrapuram mandal, Tirupati district {\textendash} 517561, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Pharmaceutics, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur-Delhi High Way (NH-11c), Jaipur {\textendash} 303121, Rajasthan, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Ertapenem is a broad-spectrum carbapenem with an antibacterial agent. It is chemically known as carbapenem carboxylic acid, in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings. The aim and objective of the review on formulation and analytical method of ertapenem active pharmaceutical ingredient. The market formulation available is tablets, dry powder inhalers, injections, nanoemulsions loaded with the drug ertapenem, and Nanostructure lipid carrier. UV-Visible spectroscopy methods effectively estimate Ertapenem. The pellets were then scanned over a range of 4000-400 cm-1 in an FTIR spectrometer. FTIR spectrum of Ertapenem showed the presence of the peaks, which complies with the reference spectra. This work summarizes the current knowledge of formulation and analytical methods for determining the concentration of ertapenem in different formulations.
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Ertapenem,\newline Nanoemulsion,\newline castor oil,\newline zeta potential
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Audinarayana~Nelavala~\\ Phone:\ +91 8106836131~\\  Email:\ adiguessme1@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
Ertapenem, sold under the brand name Invanz, is just a carbapenem antibacterial drugs medicine used in the treatment of infectious diseases of both the abdominal muscles, the same respiratory system, the same upper portion of both the reproductive system, as well as the foot ulcers \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426114}. Ertapenem, the very first group 1 carbapenem, provides a different, powerful and effective, advantageous selection within diagnosis like combined aerobic or anaerobic polymicrobial infectious diseases, just like with the introduction of any novel antimicrobial, antimicrobial sensitivity methods should be supervised around time-based upon that highly suggested structure like use, this same take the chance like developing resistance should really be low and must not necessarily prevent the use of such an operative inside the patients and carers establishing \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426101}. Although acquired, nanoemulsions are somewhat like micro-emulsions that are solid dispersion like nanometer scale particulate. At the same time, also mechanical power is unlikely to micro-emulsions that also shape instantaneously through exercise; this technique might be an extremely unpredictable complete drop of water recrystallization, as well as a surfactant, is required fully help foster this exact forming of both the micro emulsifying agent as well as to focus on ensuring it's own vibrational stabilization all through memory \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426112}. Contain the following elements combined effect like surfactants other than just a single surfactant is being used to document and remain stable these same microemulsions. The most crucial difference between such a micro-emulsifying agent and a nano-emulsion is their thermodynamic stabilization: microemulsions have been thermodynamically unstable, although nanoemulsions were also thermodynamically \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426102}.
    
\section{Materials and Methods}
Ertapenem powder was purchased from Dr. Reddy's laboratory in Hyderabad. Castor oil, tween 20, acacia, amaranth, and peppermint oil was purchased from Balaji Chemicals, Nellore.

\textbf{Preparation of Nanoemulsion}

The nanoemulsions are prepared by high-speed homogenization technique. In this, the homogeneous organic solution is composed of oil (castor oil) and a lipophilic surfactant (tween 20), and a drug (Ertapenem). The homogeneous aqueous phase was formed by water; the aqueous phase was added to the organic phase under constant homogenization \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426113}. Then o/w emulsion was formed. The stirring was maintained to let the system reach equilibrium. 

\textbf{Composition of Ertapenem Nanoemulsion}

\textbf{Determination of Organoleptic properties}

The physiological identification anyway ertapenem was performed besides going to check its physical features, i.e., coloring, environment as well as physical properties decided to weigh volume like ertapenem even though the drug had been chosen to take as well as regarded very well exposed to light locate \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426108}  [Table~\ref{tw-7ff3b53b8906}].

\textbf{Determination-like melting temperature}

Both the drug's melting point was committed using an interstitial fluid process. The substance had been packed into the capillary. Besides waterproofing, it is only one completion just at the height of 3 mm from the fully closed \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426106}. These same blood capillaries have been tried to introduce into the digital melting temperature equipment. The moment the drug begins melting was mentioned only until a whole sample was collected gain started to melt \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426100}.


\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Formulations of Ertapenem nanoemulsion} }
\label{tw-7ff3b53b8906}
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\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1133\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1399\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1068\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.12\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Formulation & Ertapenem (mg) & Castor oil (ml) & Tween 20 (ml) & Acacia (gm) & Amaranth (gm) & Peppermint oil (ml) & Distilled water (ml)\\
\tblmidrule 
ERT 1 &
  500 &
  8 &
  1 &
  0.2 &
  0.1 &
  1 &
  25-30\\
ERT 2 &
  500 &
  8 &
  2 &
  0.1 &
  0.1 &
  1 &
  30-35\\
ERT 3 &
  500 &
  8 &
  3 &
  0.3 &
  0.1 &
  1 &
  30-35\\
ERT 4 &
  500 &
  8 &
  2 &
  0.3 &
  0.1 &
  1 &
  25-30\\
ERT 5 &
  500 &
  8 &
  3 &
  0.2 &
  0.1 &
  1 &
  30-35\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Physical appearance Ertapenem} }
\label{tw-bbea4391569a}
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.NO & Specification & Observation\\
\tblmidrule 
1. &
  Amorphous &
  Amorphous\\
2. &
  White  &
  White \\
3. &
  Solid powder &
  Solid powder\\
\tblbottomrule 
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\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Heating cooling cycle Ertapenem} }
\label{tw-0d0d771ddd1a}
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\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Formulation & \cAlignHack 0 & \cAlignHack 1 & \cAlignHack 2\\
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\cAlignHack ERT1 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd }\\
\cAlignHack ERT 2 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd }\\
\cAlignHack ERT 3 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times}\\
\cAlignHack ERT 4 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times} &
  \cAlignHack -\\
\cAlignHack ERT 5 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Centrifugation of Ertapenem } }
\label{tw-5c2d1127946a}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3563\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20019999999999996\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.21340000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.23009999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\multicolumn{4}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack Time exposed to centrifuge}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Formulation & \cAlignHack 0 min & \cAlignHack 15 min & \cAlignHack 30 min\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack ERT1 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times}\\
\cAlignHack ERT 2 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd }\\
\cAlignHack ERT 3 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times} &
  \cAlignHack -\\
\cAlignHack ERT 4 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times} &
  \cAlignHack -\\
\cAlignHack ERT 5 &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\times}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Freeze-thaw cycle of Ertapenem} }
\label{tw-0d6cf8a5407b}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3995\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2168\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2035\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.18020000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\multicolumn{4}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{No. of cycles exposed}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}Formulations & 0 & 1 & 2\\
\tblmidrule 
ERT 1 &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\surd }\\
ERT 2 &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\surd }\\
ERT 3 &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\times} &
  -\\
ERT 4 &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\times} &
  -\\
ERT 5 &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\surd } &
  \ensuremath{\times}\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Drug content of Ertapenem nanoemulsion} }
\label{tw-444c5ed42461}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.1905\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.38980000000000004\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4197\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.No & Formulation & Percent drug content\\
\tblmidrule 
1. &
  ERT1 &
  96.8\%\\
2. &
  ERT2 &
  98.1\%\\
3. &
  ERT3 &
  92.4\%\\
4. &
  ERT4 &
  94.9\%\\
5. &
  ERT5 &
  96.8\%\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Dissolution studies of Ertapenem nanoemulsion} }
\label{tw-02ea9cf32e6b}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.17099999999999998\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.149\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.16\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.20\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}{\multirow{2}{*}{Time in hrs}} & \multicolumn{5}{p{\dimexpr(.829\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{Percent drug release of Nanoemulsion}\\
\rowcolor{kwdboxcolor} & ERT1 & ERT2 & ERT3 & ERT4 & ERT5\\
\tblmidrule 
1. &
  4.02 &
  6.38 &
  16.26 &
  4.09 &
  10.38\\
2. &
  6.19 &
  11.11 &
  20.71 &
  6.08 &
  15.87\\
3. &
  7.54 &
  16.47 &
  22.69 &
  8.072 &
  22.96\\
4. &
  8.97 &
  23.71 &
  22.88 &
  10.06 &
  29.5\\
5. &
  10.28 &
  31.82 &
  23.89 &
  11.52 &
  33.32\\
6. &
  11.86 &
  42.27 &
  29.93 &
  12.72 &
  37.52\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/322b4c45-f3a4-4d5d-993a-3858fb81d1b0-upicture1.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/322b4c45-f3a4-4d5d-993a-3858fb81d1b0-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/322b4c45-f3a4-4d5d-993a-3858fb81d1b0-upicture1.png}}{\includegraphics{322b4c45-f3a4-4d5d-993a-3858fb81d1b0-upicture1.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Graph of Drug Content Ertapenem nanoemulsion}}
\label{f-329a14891564}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/209d8259-386c-42c3-9eaf-ba83a00cb230-upicture2.png}
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/209d8259-386c-42c3-9eaf-ba83a00cb230-upicture2.png}{\includegraphics{images/209d8259-386c-42c3-9eaf-ba83a00cb230-upicture2.png}}{\includegraphics{209d8259-386c-42c3-9eaf-ba83a00cb230-upicture2.png}}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Zeta potential of optimized formulation of ERT 2}}
\label{f-118b93b44b21}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Identification like a drug through it FTIR}

Fourier transforms FTIR spectroscopy  (FTIR) this same containing drug had been merged as for ir grading system potassium iodide inside a proportion like (1:100) but also pellets have been able to prepare while also trying to apply ten metric ton like compression through Shimadzu hydrogel media this same pellets also were screened around spectrum like 4000-400 cm-1 through FTIR spectrometer FTIR spectral range like ertapenem decided to show this same appearance of both the highs that also conforms the with reference spectroscopic \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426115}.

\textbf{Determination of solubility of various solvents}

The sample was quantitatively tested for solubility in various solvents \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426513}. It was determined by taking 10mg of the drug sample in 10ml of solvent as water, methanol, and ethanol in small test tubes and well solubilized by shaking \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426105}.

\textbf{PH determination}

The pH value of the freshly prepared emulsion and the kept at different conditions were determined by a pH paper \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426098}.

\textbf{Characterization of Nanoemulsion}

Characterization of nanoemulsions is the most important to ensure the production of emulsions that fall within the desired droplet size range, viscosity, and charge and are stable with time \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426116}. Several techniques have been developed to characterize emulsions, such as particle size analysis, polydispersity index, zeta potential determination, and differential scanning calorimetry. Some of these methods will be highlighted below \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426103}. 

\textbf{Thermodynamic stability studies}

The formulations were subjected to different thermodynamic stability tests. 

\textbf{Heating cooling cycle}

Three cycles between the temperature 4{\textdegree}C and 45{\textdegree}C with storage at each temperature not less than 48 hrs was studied. Those formulations, which were stable at these temperatures, were subjected to centrifugation tests \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426107}. 

\textbf{Centrifugation}

Formulations stable in the above test were centrifuged at 3600 rpm for 30min. Those formulations that showed no phase separation were taken for freeze-thaw stress test \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426110}. 

\textbf{Freeze-thaw cycle}

The formulations were done between {\textendash} 18\ensuremath{^\circ}C and +25\ensuremath{^\circ}C three freeze-thaw cycles with storage at each temperature for not less than 48 h \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426104}. 

\textbf{Drug content}

In this, 2 ml of Nanoemulsion was taken in a 10 ml volumetric flask, and the volume was made up to 10 ml using methanol. 1 ml of stock solution was diluted to 10 ml with phosphate buffer pH 6.0 phosphate buffer, which was further diluted to give a final concentration of 10 \ensuremath{\mu }g/ml (10ppm) solution. Percent drug content was calculated spectrophotometrically at 318 nm \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426109}. 

\textbf{Particle size determination}

The particle size of the emulsion can be determined using several techniques. Some primary methods are hydrodynamic chromatography, photon correlation spectroscopy, Spectro turbidimetry, field flow fractionation, sensing zone, electron microscopy, and sedimentation \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426099}. 

\textbf{Zeta Potential Determination}

Zeta potential can significantly influence the stability of nanosuspensions.4 An electrostatic stability nanosuspension should have a minimum of \ensuremath{\pm}30mVs zeta potential. For combined electrostatic and steric stabilization, a minimum of \ensuremath{\pm}20mV is required. The zeta potential of nanosuspension was measured using Malvern Zetasizer ZS200 at 25 \ensuremath{\pm} 0.5\text{\textordmasculine}C \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426111}.

\textbf{Dissolution studies of Nanoemulsions}

Dissolution studies for febuxostat Nanoemulsions were performed in pH six phosphate buffer using USP dissolution test apparatus with a paddle stirrer. The paddles were allowed to rotate at a speed of 75 rpm. The dissolution medium was maintained at 37\ensuremath{\pm}0.5\ensuremath{^\circ}C, and the samples were withdrawn every 1hr. A fresh dissolution medium replaced the volume of withdrawal samples to keep the importance of the dissolution medium constant \unskip~\cite{1990746:28426117}. Then the withdrawal samples were checked for absorbance at 318 nm using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
    
\section{Results and Discussions}
\textbf{Physical appearance}

\textbf{Melting point analysis}

The melting range of Ertapenem drug was found to be 205-206\ensuremath{^\circ}C [Table~\ref{tw-bbea4391569a}].

\textbf{Identification of drug by FTIR}

Identification of Infrared spectra of Ertapenem was determined using FTIR by using the potassium bromide method. The baseline correction was done by scanning potassium bromide pellets over a range of 400-4000 cm-1. Then the pellets containing potassium bromide, Ertapenem mixture, and excipients were checked, and data were interpreted. 

\textbf{Solubility studies:}

Ertapenem is soluble in a 5\% monobasic potassium phosphate solution, sparingly soluble in water, slightly soluble in hydrated ethanol, and practically insoluble in acetone or ether.

\textbf{pH determination:}

pH was found to be 7 (neutral).

\textbf{Characterization of Nanoemulsion:}

All the formulations were subjected to three heating and cooling cycles (4 to 45\ensuremath{^\circ}C) [Table~\ref{tw-0d0d771ddd1a}]. The response of formulations for heating and cooling was recorded. ERT2 has shown better results, this formulation could sustain up to 3 cycles of heating and cooling.

All the prepared formulations were subjected to centrifugation at 3600 rpm for 30 min, and at each 15 min, the samples were visually observed for any physical instability. Among all the prepared formulations, ERT2 retained its physical stability towards centrifugation for 30 min at 3600 rpm [Table~\ref{tw-5c2d1127946a}].

All the prepared formulations were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles (-18 to +25\ensuremath{^\circ}C). The response of the formulation for the freeze-thaw cycle was recorded. ERT 2 has shown better results in Table~\ref{tw-0d6cf8a5407b}.

\textbf{Drug content }

The drug content of Nano Emulsion is mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-444c5ed42461}. The drug content was calculated for all the prepared formulations, ranging from 90\% to 100\% [Figure~\ref{f-329a14891564}]. Among all, ERT2 gave a maximum drug content value of 98.

In-vitro drug release of all the prepared Nano emulsions was carried out in a phosphate buffer of pH 6.0. 

The percent drug release was calculated for all the prepared formulations, and the values ranged from 11.86\% to 42.27\% [Table~\ref{tw-02ea9cf32e6b}]. 

All 2 gave a maximum drug release of 42.27\% in 6 hours. Hence this was selected as the optimized formulation, and further analysis was done. 

The results of heating and cooling, centrifugation, freeze and thaw, drug content, and drug release studies showed that ERT 2 had better results among all the prepared formulations. So this formulation was taken for further instrumental analysis.

\textbf{Particle size distribution of Nanoemulsions}

The globule size of ERT 2 is 358.5nm.

\textbf{ZETA potential}

Zeta potential was measured by using Malvern Zetasizer ZS200. From the batches' results, optimized formulation ERT2 [Figure~\ref{f-118b93b44b21}] showed the zeta potential at 25 \ensuremath{^\circ}C was -28.3 mV, and zeta potential under \ensuremath{\pm}30 mv shows good physical stability. The Zeta potential of the optimized nanoemulsion formulation.

\textbf{Summary}

Ertapenem nanoemulsion is the most promising strategy for oral drug delivery. It is a well-established carbapenem that is more active than imipenem against gram-negative pathogens and somewhat less active than imipenem against gram-positive pathogens. Unlike imipenem, Ertapenem does not require the co-administration of a renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor, such as cilastatin. Ertapenem achieves high rates of clinical and bacteriological response among patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections, pediatric bacterial meningitis, and nosocomial pneumonia, and it is well tolerated.

The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate Ertapenem nanoemulsion to control drug release.

A suitable analytical method based on a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was developed for meropenem. 295nm was identified as the maximum wavelength for Ertapenem. By performing compatibility studies with FT-IR, no interaction was confirmed. Before compression, the drug was evaluated for thermodynamic stability studies, melting point determination, particle size determination, and zeta potential determination. Nanoemulsion of  Ertapenemwere successfully prepared by high-pressure homogenization method.
    
\section{Conclusion}
The present work concluded that the high-speed homogenization method successfully prepared the Ertapenem Nanoemulsion formulation for solubility enhancement. Now a day, Nanoemulsions as carrier systems are more acceptable in drug delivery systems. Castor oil, tween 20, and acacia were used as suitable carrier systems for incorporating Ertapenem. Castor oil, tween 20, is well-suited with the acacia and helps solubilize the drug in the Nanoemulsion formulation. The \% drug content was found to be 100\%. The globule size of the finalized formulation was in the range of 358.5 nm with good stability, as confirmed by zeta potential values.
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
I Thank Dr Bhaskar Reddy K, Dean of Pharmacy, from Sri Venkateswara College of Pharmacy, RVS Nagar, Tirupati Rd, Chittoor, for guiding and supporting me in completing this research work. 

\textbf{Funding Support}

No Funds.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

No conflict.
    

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