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\def\citeauthor{~Nizamuddin~ND,
              ~Shaik~Rubina,
              ~Venkata~Narayana~D,
              ~Maddirala~Shashidhar}
\def\citetitle{\textbf{A Review on \textit{Scleria lithosperma} (L.) Sw.}}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Nizamuddin ND et al.}
\firstPage{65}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{05 Dec 2022}
\acceptedDate{29 Dec 2022}
\revisedDate{27 Dec 2022}
\journalVolume{3}
\journalIssue{1}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i1.341}
\copyrightYear{2023}
\eISSN{2583-116X}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v3i1.341}
\def\authorCount{4}
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\def\journalTitle{Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences}

\title{\textbf{A Review on \textit{Scleria lithosperma} (L.) Sw.}}
\author{Nizamuddin~ND\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-7398}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Shaik~Rubina\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3495-7316}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Venkata~Narayana~D\textsuperscript{3}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-5172}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}, 
            Maddirala~Shashidhar\textsuperscript{4}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, St John's College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yerrakota, Yemminganur, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr K V Subba Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Doopadu, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Department of Pharmacognosy, Balaji College of Pharmacy, Sanapa Road, Alamuru (P), Rudrampet, Anantapur - 515001, Andhra Pradesh, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{4}Department of Pharmaceutics, Vasavi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vasavi Nagar, Peddapalli (Village), Sidhout (Mandal), YSR Kadapa (Dist) - 516247, Andhra Pradesh, India}}

\begin{abstract}
\textit{Scleria lithosperma} L. belonging to the family Cyperaceae, is a perennial plant that thrives near streams, tanks, hill slopes, lush pine rock terrain, and rocky locations. The Tirumala and Chittoor Districts of Andhra Pradesh in India and numerous other geographical places are home to it. The plant's several pharmacological actions explore. The description of various plant sections and information on the phytoconstituents of the plant are covered in the current review. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Scleria lithosperma L,\newline Cyperaceae,\newline Phytoconstituents,\newline Pharmacological Activities
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Nizamuddin~ND~\\ Phone:\ 9703868331~\\  Email:\ nnizamuddin1988@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
\textit{Scleria lithosperma} L.Sw belonging to the family Cyperaceae is a Perennial plant with short, nodulose, and fresh-scented rhizomes. Slender, 30-90 cm long, glabrous or somewhat scabrous, tuft-like culms \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706427}. The perennial clumping herb \textit{Scleria lithosperma} reaches a height of 40 centimeters (typically 15-20 centimeters). Steroids, saponins, and glycosides are the primary ingredients. The extract has historically been used to treat skin conditions as an abortifacient and normalize menstrual cycles \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706422}. The plant \textit{Scleria lithosperma} effectively produces antinephritic activity. Root decoction is administered upon delivery. Young tops are given to kids to help with their bloated stomachs.

In the same way, the other species of \textit{Scleria,} such as \textit{Scleria biflora} Roxb. Roots emit a potent camphor or cajeput odor. \textit{S. levis} fruit treats stomach and cough issues. Cough is treated with a decoction of \textit{S. pergracilis} (Nees) Kunth sedge, which grows in the Himalayas at elevations of 1,500 m from Garhwal to Assam as well as in Bihar, West Bengal, and the Deccan Penninsula \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706431,1629059:26706423}.

\textbf{Common Names}

The plant is commonly known as Florida Keys Nutrush, Slender nut rush, \textit{Scirpus lithosperma }in English, Kathipul in Tamil, Kondashakathunga in Telugu, and Nakkupullu in Malayalam.

\textbf{Habitat of \textit{Scleria lithosperma}}

A perennial plant called \textit{Scleria lithosperma} is commonly seen growing along streams, tanks, hill slopes, rocky places, and under the growth of forested areas, as well as in shady pathways, fertile pine Rockland, and hammock growth.

\textbf{Geographical Distribution}

The plant is indigenous to the following countries: Andaman Islands, Angola, Assam, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil West-Central, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Caroline Islands, Cayman Islands, China South-Central, China Southeast, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, East Himalaya, Ethiopia, Fiji, Florida, French Guiana, Ghana, Guatemala, Hainan, Haiti, Honduras, India, Ivory Leeward Is., Lesser Sunda Is., Louisiana, Madagascar, Malaya, Maluku, Marianas, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nigeria, Northern Territory, Panam\'{a}, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Queensland, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is., Vietnam and Wallis-F. It is primarily present in India's Japalitheertham, microwave station, and papaya Sanam highlands of Tirumala, Kailasakona, and Kambakkam. The majority of the year spent growing it.


\bgroup
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\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/bbfac209-f002-4593-a303-c0fc9f543dad-upicture1.png}{\includegraphics{images/bbfac209-f002-4593-a303-c0fc9f543dad-upicture1.png}}{}
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\caption{\boldmath {\textit{Scleria lithosperma} (L.) Sw.}}
\label{f-c87828172331}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Taxonomic Classification of \textit{Scleria lithosperma} L.}

Kingdom: Plantae

Sub-Kingdom: Viridiplantae

Infra-Kingdom: Streptophyta

Super Division: Embryophyta

Division: Tracheophyta

Sub-Division: Spermatophytina

Class: Magnoliopsida

Super Order: Lilianae

Order: Poales

Family: Cyperaceae

Genus: Scleria

Species: \textit{Lithosperma L}. Sw (Figure~\ref{f-c87828172331}).

\textbf{Description}

\textbf{Plants}

An aromatic perennial herb with an upright tufted growth habit and short.

\textbf{Rhizomes}

Horizontal nodulose rhizomes.

\textbf{Stems}

Slender, 30-90(-115) cm, glabrous or somewhat scabrous, tuft-like culms.

\textbf{Leaves}

Sheaths are purple, and the leaves are grouped near the center of the stem. The leaves are wingless, weakly ribbed, hairy, finely pilose, or nearly glabrous; the contra-ligules are reddish, triangular, rigid, and ciliate; the blades are a distinct grayish green when dry, linear, attenuate, and keel and they are 1-3(-5) mm wide and shorter than \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706421}.

\textbf{Inflorescence}

Axillary 1-3, terminal 1, rather slack; stalked panicles or spikes 2-4, terminal one 3-4.5(-8.5) cm with 2-7 open fascicles. With 1-4 spikelets 2-6(-9) mm in diameter, the bracts that subtend and cover the inflorescence are leaf-like, widely attenuate, and scaly. A few 3- to 5-mm bisexual spikelets with an occasional terminal staminate spikelet have lance-shaped staminate scales and ovate-acuminate pistillate scales with a distinct green keel. Achenes are ovoid or globose, 2-2.5(-3) mm, smooth, base broadly attenuate, moderately depressed between angles, trigonous, not porose, and have an umbonate apex. The hypogynium is no longer present and has been reduced to a recognizable brown band at the base of the achene.

\textbf{Spikelets}

Spikelets are monoecious, 1/6 inch long, pale brown with green markings, and can be found in small clusters or alone. 

\textbf{Nuts}

White, smooth, and between 1/16 and 1/12 inches long; obovoid or ellipsoid; little hypogynous disc \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706428}.

\textbf{Phytoconstituents}

While the aqueous extract only yielded a positive result for the presence of saponin glycoside, the methanolic, ethanolic, and chloroform extracts revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. Additionally, it was discovered that methanol produced the highest yield in terms of percentage, so methanolic extract from the plant Sclerialithosperma L. was employed for further research \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706421}.

\textbf{Composition of Essential Oil Obtained by Hydro Distillation of Rhizomes}

A light yellow volatile oil is obtained from the Rhizomes of \textit{Scleia lithosperma} by hydro distillation method. Totally 22 constituents comprising 96.5 \% were reported to be present in the oil. The major constituents reported are fatty acids (76.1\%), palmitic acid (43.3\%), linoleic acid (14.0\%), and oleic acid (7.8\%) \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706430}.

\textbf{Traditional Uses}

The problem is resolved by using vakkathipullu, a sebaceous cyst on the \textit{Scleria lithosperma} tuber that is cleansed, fried, and pulverized before being blended with coconut oil and applied to the infection. It helps treat children with large stomachs and uses an antibacterial. It has also been utilized historically to control menstrual periods. Both during pregnancy and as a form of birth control. Herbs or plants of the same family include Cyperaceae, which have anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706421}.

\textbf{Pharmacological Activities}

\textbf{Cardio-Protective Activity}

For the first time, the current study examines the cardioprotective potential of the whole plant extract from \textit{Scleria lithosperma} against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Indian folklore medicine views \textit{Scleria lithosperma}, a herb from the Cyperaceae family, as a treatment for cardiac conditions. Doxorubicin is still a popular and efficient broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drug. However, its clinical use is restricted due to its severe dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. According to clinical and experimental findings, increased oxidative stress may be a major factor in cardiomyopathy and heart failure that follow DOX treatment.

Natural remedies with antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties may be preventive against cardiovascular disease and offer adequate substitutes. After a phytochemical analysis, glycosides, tannins, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids were found in EEWSL after a phytochemical analysis, and these compounds give the plant its powerful antioxidant properties. By preserving the integrity of the myocardial cell membrane, pretreatment with EEWSL dramatically reduced the blood levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in myocardial infarction produced by DOX. This may be because the plant's flavonoids and other antioxidative phytochemicals can scavenge free radicals \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706429}.

\textbf{Hypo-Lipidemic Activity}

Rat models of hyperlipidemia brought on by high-fat diets were used to study the hypolipidemic efficacy of \textit{Scleria lithosperma} extract. Rats with hyperlipidemic conditions had higher cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels. By reducing the levels of specific biochemical markers in the serum, such as cholesterol, T.G., LDL, and VLDL, and increasing HDL levels comparable to conventional medicine orlistat methanolic extract had a hypolipidemic impact. Steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides were among the phytoconstituents that were found, according to a preliminary phytochemical investigation \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706424}.

\textbf{Antimicrobial Activity}

The preliminary phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of ethnomedicinal plant \textit{Scleria lithosperma} was studied. The plant was collected from the tribal belt of the Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu. The antibacterial tests showed that the studied plant had a better inhibitory activity with Staphylococcus aureus when the methanolic extract was used \unskip~\cite{1629059:26706432}.
    
\section{CONCLUSION }
\textit{Scleria lithosperma} L. is a perennial plant that grows near streams, tanks, hill slopes, fertile pine rock terrain, and rocky places and belongs to the family Cyperaceae. It can be found in India in the Tirumala and Chittoor Districts of Andhra Pradesh and distributed in many other geographical areas. The present review is done on different plant parts descriptions and about the phytoconstituents of the plant. The variety of pharmacological activities of the plant is discussed.
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
The authors are heartily thankful to the management and Dr V Sreenivasulu, Principal, St John's College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, for permitting us to do the work and providing all the necessary facilities.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding for this study.
    

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