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\def\citeauthor{~Archana~B,
              ~Pothireddy~Bharath,
              ~Gundala~Deepika,
              ~Kiran,
              ~Maheshwaram~Dharani,
              ~Badi~Pavani}
\def\citetitle{Pharmacological, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Review of \textit{Capparis spinosa }L.}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Archana B et al.}
\firstPage{9}
\articleType{Review Article}
\receivedDate{20 Oct 2021}
\acceptedDate{26 Nov 2021}
\revisedDate{25 Nov 2021}
\journalVolume{2}
\journalIssue{1}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v2i1.165}
\copyrightYear{2022}
\eISSN{2583-116X}
\journalDoi{fjphs.v2i1.165}
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\def\journalTitle{Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences}

\title{Pharmacological, Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Review of \textit{Capparis spinosa }L.}
\author{Archana~B\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1144-3849}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Pothireddy~Bharath\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4316-8028}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Gundala~Deepika\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3053-425X}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Kiran\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3587-4843}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Maheshwaram~Dharani\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8806-8592}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}, 
            Badi~Pavani\textsuperscript{2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9571-115X}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's Group of Institution,  Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist)-508284, Telangana, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}St. Mary's Group of Institution, Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist)-508284, Telangana, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Since ancient times medicinal plants have been used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases because they possess various bioactive components that promote the health of humans with minimal side effects. WHO reveals that 80\% of the world's population depends on traditional medicine and China uses up to 50\% of medicines as traditional medicine. Modern research acknowledged the importance of using various medicinal systems like Siddha, Ayurveda, and Unani in India and also acts as the vital sources for new drugs. As global warming is showing its negative effects there may be the loss of plant productivity due to high temperatures and severe drought conditions that affect global food security. Hence this review focused on a Xerophilous crop that was well adapted to severe drought and high temperatures namely Caper (\textit{Capparis spinosa} L.) The review also focuses on the recent literature on phytochemical composition and pharmacological effects of Caper. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Capparis spinosa L.,\newline Phytoconstituents,\newline Traditional Medicine,\newline Global Warming
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Archana~B~\\ Phone:\ +91 7416367155~\\  Email:\ biradararchana07@gmail.com
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\section{Introduction}
As global warming is showing its negative effects on growth and plant reproduction, many challenges arise for the propagation of various new varieties to withstand the drastic climatic conditions \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712132}. The decrease in plant growth may be due to physiological, cellular, and morphological damages, and sometimes elevated carbon dioxide levels modifies respiration and photosynthesis leading to reduced plant life [Figure~\ref{f-4ebe03455967}, Figure~\ref{f-09ccfeffb8dd}] \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712285}.

\textit{Capparis spinosa} L. is an economical species in the Caparidaceae family with high medicinal values and plays a pivotal role in the traditional health care system \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712287}. The flower buds and fruits of this Mediterranean plant caper were used as a pickle. This plant is well adapted to severe climatic conditions affected by hyper-aridity. Caper can preserve water in the soil for longer periods and helps to maintain sustainable agriculture. These shrubs protect the soil from high temperatures by creating microclimatic conditions. The extensive root system of the caper can absorb water from deeper soils \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712292}. The roots, buds, and fruits of caper were highly economical in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The flower of caper is sweet-scented and can be used as an ornamental plant on walls and terraces with good sunlight \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712293}.

Some studies have focused on the cultivation, nutritional quality, medicinal quality, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology of caper \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712316}. Caper has huge potentialities with great demand in the international market. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and develop the species with more intensive research and promote the crop for high propagation and yields. 

\textbf{Origin and Distribution}

\textit{Capparis spinosa} Linnaeus belongs to the group of Capparis genus described by Carolus Linnaeus in his book ``Species Plantarum''. Capparis belongs to the Caparidaceae family and it is closely related to Brassicaceae and is a rich source of glucosinolates and flavonoids \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712317}. The genus includes 350 species distributed in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. is considered as a hybrid between \textit{Capparis Orientalis} and \textit{Capparis sicula}\unskip~\cite{1272443:23712619}. The different names of caper include caprier (French), Kabbar (Arab), Alcaparro (Spain), Alaf e Mar (Persian). The consumption of Capparis species started 17,000 years ago that was discovered by the Old-World Paleolithic site in Egypt. Seeds of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. were found in Iraq around 5800 B.C. and Turpan district of China around 2800 B.C. \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712320}. Capparis is regarded as a native flora distributed in Africa and southwest Asia.


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\caption{\boldmath {Circle of life to achieve quality life}}
\label{f-4ebe03455967}
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\caption{\boldmath {Drug discovery opportunities from Indian traditional systems}}
\label{f-09ccfeffb8dd}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Geographic Distribution}

\textit{Capparis spinosa} L. is distributed geographically from Morocco to the black sea, Atlantic Coast of Canary Island, East of Caspian Sea, Crimea, Armenia, Iran, Europe, North Africa, West Asia, Australia, and Afghanistan. The plant was expanded to the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia from the tropics. Geographic distributions of sub-species Spinosa were specific in North Africa, Sahara, Middle East, China, and subspecies rupestris was distributed in Italy, France, Spain, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Libya, Tunisia, etc \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712321}. The plant was harshly affected by the global warming in the Mediterranean region that led to improved agricultural techniques thereby increasing crop production. The current distribution and suitable climatic conditions for \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. [Figure~\ref{f-df5c0d695afe}].


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\caption{\boldmath {Current prediction of suitable climatic zones for \textit{Capparis spinosa} L.}}
\label{f-df5c0d695afe}
\end{figure}
\egroup
\textbf{Botanical Description}

Plesiomorphic features were seen in the species belonging to Capparis. Some literature mentioned the polymorphic aspects and heterogenicity in its morphological characteristics. It has numerous stamens with not galeate or slightly galeate and slightly zygomorphic \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712384}.

\textit{Capparis spinosa} is a perennial shrub erect and pendulous with branches. Branches may be green, red, or yellow with 4m long being unramified or multiramified. A tortuous or straight twig with or without simple hairs was seen with stipules somewhat curved, straight and spreading, antrorse or retrorse. The stipules may be orange, yellow, or green with 6 mm long and leaf stipules convert into spines giving the name ``Spinosa''. Rounded or ovate leaves, elliptical or obcordate, oblong or lanceolate with cordate or acute base and obtuse apex. Veins are not prominent with glabrous, pubescent, and dense textures. A grooved or entire petiole 2 cm long may be seen. Flowers are noctoflorous with four white or pinkish-white petals that are oblong or obovate. Numer-


\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/9d8492c1-0301-444e-8736-f9f82b006869-upicture4.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/9d8492c1-0301-444e-8736-f9f82b006869-upicture4.png}{\includegraphics{images/9d8492c1-0301-444e-8736-f9f82b006869-upicture4.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {\textit{Capparis spinosa} L.}}
\label{f-5ba9cdb6d1c0}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/0cf66cd9-4fa4-413e-a593-8b9192b7984a-upicture5.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/0cf66cd9-4fa4-413e-a593-8b9192b7984a-upicture5.png}{\includegraphics{images/0cf66cd9-4fa4-413e-a593-8b9192b7984a-upicture5.png}}{}
\makeatother 
\caption{\boldmath {Leaf forms for the identification of various caper species}}
\label{f-69873c069aa3}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pests and Diseases of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. } }
\label{tw-3b89dc9222b2}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.19840000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3241\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1939\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.28360000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Affected plant part & \cAlignHack Pathogen & \cAlignHack Category & \cAlignHack Damage\\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.19840000000000003\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack Leaves}} &
  \cAlignHack Caper Latent Virus \mbox{}\protect\newline Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) \mbox{}\protect\newline Eggplant Mottled Dwarf Virus (EMDV) \mbox{}\protect\newline Co-infection CMV and EMDV &
  \cAlignHack Virus &
  \cAlignHack Clearing, yellowing veins, necrosis, \mbox{}\protect\newline shortened internodes, \mbox{}\protect\newline severe dwarfing, decreasing yields, curling leaves, chlorosis, mottled leaves, stunting of the plant.\\
 &
  \cAlignHack Phyllo tretalatevittata Kutsch \mbox{}\protect\newline Bemisiata baci &
  \cAlignHack Insects \& Pests &
  \cAlignHack Circular gouges. \mbox{}\protect\newline Yellowish spots and \mbox{}\protect\newline deformation\\
\cAlignHack Branches &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Sclerotium rolfsii} \mbox{}\protect\newline \textit{Leveillula taurica} &
  \cAlignHack Fungi &
  \cAlignHack Yellowing and wilting of branches, necrosis, defoliation\\
\cAlignHack Flowers &
  \cAlignHack Albugo capparidis &
  \cAlignHack Fungi &
  \cAlignHack Whitre rust, hypertrophy of  \mbox{}\protect\newline flowers, peduncles, floral abortion\\
\cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack \textit{Acallesbarbarus Lucas} &
  \cAlignHack Insects \& Pests  &
  \cAlignHack Slender mines in the woods\\
\cAlignHack Fruits &
  \cAlignHack Bagrada hilaris \mbox{}\protect\newline Capparimyia savastani &
  \cAlignHack Insects \& Pests &
  \cAlignHack Yellowing spots and \mbox{}\protect\newline Chlorosis \mbox{}\protect\newline Deformation and abortion\\
\cAlignHack Fruits and Buds &
  \cAlignHack Capparimyia savastani \mbox{}\protect\newline Asphondylia gennadii \mbox{}\protect\newline Capparimyia savastani \mbox{}\protect\newline \textit{Pieris brassicae} L. \mbox{}\protect\newline \textit{Pieris rapae} L. &
  \cAlignHack Insects \& Pests  &
  \cAlignHack Deformation and abortion\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
ous stamens with 5 cm filaments were seen with 3-6 mm Gynophore. Ellipsoidal fruit with numerous reddish-brown seeds was present. The plant may adapt to severe drought conditions by changing its leaf, stem, and root structure [Figure~\ref{f-5ba9cdb6d1c0}, Figure~\ref{f-69873c069aa3}] \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712428}.

\textbf{Taxonomy}

Based on the leaf and flower phenotypes the taxonomic studies of \textit{Capparis spinosa} revealed many variations in different landmasses \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712451}. Due to this, the identification of \textit{Capparis spinosa } became very complicated in the Mediterranean region. \textit{Capparis spinosa} morphologically relates to \textit{Capparis sicula} and \textit{Capparis Orientalis} according to the literature. Recently the taxonomy of \textit{Capparis spinosa} was revised and recognized as single species with four subspecies (\textit{C. Spinosa subsp. Spinosa; C. Spinosa subsp. cordifolia; C. spinosasubsp. himalayensis; C. Spinosa subsp. rupestris}).\textit{C. Spinosa subsp. spinosa and C. spinosa subsp. rupestris} has two varieties each namely var. \textit{herbacea}, var. \textit{atlantica } and var. \textit{ovate}, var. \textit{myrtifolia } respectively \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712474}.

\textbf{Cultivation and Production}

The species of \textit{Capparis spinosa} was well known as a drought-tolerant plant. This species will grow and flower in summer without competing for water with other species \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712520}. Annual temperature with 14\ensuremath{^{o}}C and annual rainfall with 200 mm are necessary and well adapted to xeric areas. The species can resist strong winds and temperatures as high as 40\ensuremath{^{o}}C \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712548}. Frost may disturb the vegetative period and survive in winter. Caper can be grown in low altitudes and at some places, it was grown well 1000 meters above sea level.

Caper adapts to calcareous or clay soils and has an efficient root system with nitrogen-fixing bacteria thereby it can grow well in poor fertile soils also. It can grow well in rocky, sandy, and salty soils with a low amount of organic matter in India. Caper can grow well in wall joints and monuments. Due to its 


\begin{ThreePartTable}

\centering 
\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother 
\begin{TableNotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{AE-Aqueous Extraction; EE-Ethanolic Extraction; EF-Ethylacetate fraction; BF-Butanol Fraction; HF-Hexane Fraction; AF-Aqueous Fraction; AMF-Aqueous Methanol Fraction, ME-Methanolic Extraction}
\end{TableNotes}\setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.28740000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.28510000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.4275\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Phytochemical constituents of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L.} }
\label{tw-0c562eb20b59}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Plant Part & \cAlignHack Name of the extract & \cAlignHack Phytochemical constituents\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \insertTableNotes \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Plant Part & \cAlignHack Name of the extract & \cAlignHack Phytochemical constituents\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/AF &
  \cAlignHack Reducing sugar, flavonoids\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/BF &
  \cAlignHack Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack Ariel Parts &
  \cAlignHack EE/AMF &
  \cAlignHack Terpene, flavonoids\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/HF &
  \cAlignHack Terpene\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack ME &
  \cAlignHack Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, Quercetin 3-O-[6\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'} -a-L-rhamnosyl-6\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}-b-D-glucosyl]-b-D-glucoside\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack Leaves and Stems &
  \cAlignHack EE &
  \cAlignHack kaempferol 3-Rha-7-G, quercetin 3-Rut, quercetin 7-Rut, quercetin 3-G-7-Rhaw1\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack Roots &
  \cAlignHack EE &
  \cAlignHack Capparispine, Capparispine 26-O-b-D-glucoside, Cadabicine 26-O-b-D-glucoside hydrochloride\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack Leaves and Flower buds &
  \cAlignHack AE &
  \cAlignHack -Caffeoyl quinic acid, 1-Caffeoyl quinic acid, 5-p-Coumaroyl quinic acid, 4-Feruloyl quinic acid, Rutin, Quercetin 3-O-glc, Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, \mbox{}\protect\newline Methyl-quercetin-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, acids, flavonols\\
 &
   &
  \\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.28740000000000006\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{4}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack Shoots and Buds}} &
  \cAlignHack EE/BF &
  \cAlignHack 4-coumaric acid, nicotinamide, cadaverine, isorhamnitine-3-O-rutinoside, rutin, stachydrine, 3-methyl-2-butenyl-b-glucoside\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
  \multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.28510000000000005\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack EE/AMF}} &
  \cAlignHack 1-tetradecanol, methyl hexadecanoate, octadecanoic acid, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, b-sitosterol, glycerol monotetracostanoate, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ursolic acid, b-sitosterylglucoside, b-sitosterylglucoside-6\ensuremath{'}-octadecanoate\\
 &
   &
  \cAlignHack Glucocapperin, glucoiberin, progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, sinigrin, gluconapoleiferin, glucoalyssin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassacin, glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, gluconasturtiin\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack ME &
  \cAlignHack Phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/EF &
  \cAlignHack Racemic benzofuranone\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/EF &
  \cAlignHack Tetrahydroquinoline acid\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE &
  \cAlignHack p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, bis(5-formylfurfural) ether, daucosterol, a-D-fructofuranosides methyl, uracil, stachydrine\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/AF &
  \cAlignHack Capparisine A, capparisine B, capparisine C, 2-(5-hydroxymethyl-2-formylpyrrol-1-yl) propionic acid lactone, N-(30-maleimidy1)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-pyrrole formaldehyde\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/EF &
  \cAlignHack Protocatechuic aldehyde, E-butanediol acid, ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, succinic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack EE/AF &
  \cAlignHack Cappariside, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furoic acid, 2-furoic acid\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack AE &
  \cAlignHack Flazin, guanosine, capparine A, capparine B, 1-H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde, chrysoeriol, apigenin, kaempferol, \mbox{}\protect\newline thevetiaflavone, 5-hydroxymethylfuraldehyde, vanillic acid, cinnamic acid\\
 &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack ME &
  \cAlignHack (6S)-hydroxy-3-oxo-a-ionol glucoside,Corchoionoside C, prenyl glucoside, indol-3-acetonitrile glycoside, capparilloside A, capparilloside B.\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\end{ThreePartTable}

\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Components of essential oil in \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. } }
\label{tw-592dabe3b6a1}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.38599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2942\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3198\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Plant Part & \cAlignHack Components & \cAlignHack Percentage (\%)\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Methyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 92.06\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Sec-butyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 0.25\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Butyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 0.38\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack Floral buds and leaves (0.044\% w/w yield) &
  \cAlignHack Benzene acetaldehyde &
  \cAlignHack 0.23\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Benzene acetonitrile &
  \cAlignHack 0.4\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack (E) \ensuremath{\beta }-Ionone &
  \cAlignHack 0.5\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Methyl methyl salicylate &
  \cAlignHack 0.17\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 3-Hexenyl benzoate &
  \cAlignHack 0.74\\
 &
   &
  \\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 3-Hexenyl benzoate &
  \cAlignHack 1.75\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Isopropyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 11\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 2-Hexenal &
  \cAlignHack 10.2\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Unknown &
  \cAlignHack 4.4\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \ensuremath{\gamma } -Terpinene &
  \cAlignHack 4.7\\
\cAlignHack Leaves  \mbox{}\protect\newline (0.08\% (v/w) yield) &
  \cAlignHack n-Dodecane &
  \cAlignHack 1.8\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Carvone &
  \cAlignHack 2.3\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Thymol &
  \cAlignHack 26.4\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack n-Tetradecane &
  \cAlignHack 4.3\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Geranyl acetone &
  \cAlignHack 3.5\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack n-Hexadecane &
  \cAlignHack 5.5\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Dill apiole &
  \cAlignHack 2.4\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Palmitic acid &
  \cAlignHack 4.7\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack n-Eicosane &
  \cAlignHack 3.5\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Methyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 41.6\\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.38599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack Fruit  \mbox{}\protect\newline (0.9\% (v/w)yield)}} &
  \cAlignHack Sec-butyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 2.2\\
 &
  \cAlignHack Isopropyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 52.2\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Unknown &
  \cAlignHack 2.5\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Methyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 53.5\\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.38599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack Roots  \mbox{}\protect\newline (0.02\% (v/w)yield)}} &
  \cAlignHack Sec-butyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 0.6\\
 &
  \cAlignHack Isopropyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 31.4\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Unknown &
  \cAlignHack 10.1\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Methyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 25.6\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack Butyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 16.55\\
\multicolumn{1}{p{\dimexpr(.38599999999999994\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\multirow{2}{\linewidth}{\cAlignHack Ariel parts \mbox{}\protect\newline (0.067\% (w/w) yield)}} &
  \cAlignHack Benzene acetaldehyde  &
  \cAlignHack 2.24\\
 &
  \cAlignHack Methyl isothiocyanate &
  \cAlignHack 28.92\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 3-p-menthene &
  \cAlignHack 3.08\\
\cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack 3-methylthio-1-hexanal &
  \cAlignHack 2.03\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {Pharmacologic effects of various parts of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. reported in various literatures} }
\label{tw-22794a958cdd}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}
\ignorespaces 
\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2982\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.7018\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Plant Part & \cAlignHack Pharmacologic effect\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack Fruit &
  \cAlignHack Anti-diabetic, Anti-hyperlipidemic, Anti-Obesity, Anti-hypertensive, Anti-inflammatory, Diuretic, Antioxidant,  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-cancer\\
\cAlignHack Leaves &
  \cAlignHack Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, Analgesic \mbox{}\protect\newline Anti-rheumatic, Gout \mbox{}\protect\newline Gastrointestinal infections\\
\cAlignHack Stem barks, Aerial parts &
  \cAlignHack Antimicrobial \mbox{}\protect\newline Diuretic\\
\cAlignHack Flower buds &
  \cAlignHack Antihepatotoxic, Gastrointestinal infections \mbox{}\protect\newline Eye infections, Anti-inflammatory\\
\cAlignHack Buds and Roots &
  \cAlignHack Antimicrobial, Diuretic, Counter irritant \mbox{}\protect\newline Fever, Paralysis, Analgesic, Carminative\\
\cAlignHack Seeds &
  \cAlignHack Antifungal\\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}
low flammability, it can cut down forest fires and it can be utilized for landscaping and to reduce soil erosions \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712550}. \textit{Capparis spinosa} can efficiently use high solar irradiance without the symptoms of photo inhibition and blooming was not affected by severe water deficit.

\textbf{Seed Propagation}

Seeds can be obtained by rubbing the fruit that contains 15-160 seeds followed by washing and drying in shade. Poor seed germination performance is seen due to high dormancy. Seeds will sprout after 20-50 days and the viability of seeds is 2 years when kept at 4\ensuremath{^{o}}C with less humidity. This traditional low germination technique is used in India, Armenia, Cyprus, Argentina, Italy, Spain, etc. Poor germination capacity of the caper is due to the presence of a hard coat on the seed and when the seed is in contact with water it limits the diffusion of oxygen to the seed. The rate of germination of seed directly depends on the seed maturity, weight, and fruit position. Different treatments like mechanical scarification, soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid, cold stratification, manipulating the light and moisture conditions may improve the rate of seed germination \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712609}.

\textbf{Asexual Propagation}

Propagation using stem cutting may lead to rooting problems and damage but avoids high variability in terms of production. Hardwood or softwood stem cuttings with 1-50 cm length and 1-2.5 cm diameter can be used. February and March is the peak time for collecting the stems (Hardwood) and should treat with fungicides like capitol or capton keeping the stems outdoors with 3-4\ensuremath{^{0}}C covered with plastic or sand. Cuttings from semi-hardwood have low survival rates but basal softwood cuttings increase the root percentage and should be collected and planted during the germination period. Stem cuttings should be dipped in 1,500 {\textendash} 3,000 mg/ml auxin solution for better rooting \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712613}. Grafting is less adopted and bark grafting showed good results in Spain. In-vitro propagation from nodal shoot segments, gamma irradiation of shoots increased rooting percentage \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712618}. To produce desirable seedlings micropropagation protocols can be efficiently used for transplantation.

\textbf{Productivity}

\textit{Capparis spinosa} is a fast-growing plant and can survive in new climatic conditions. Hedge grow planting designs with square or rectangle with bush spacing 2.5 \ensuremath{\times} 2.5m, or2.5 \ensuremath{\times} 2m, 3 \ensuremath{\times} 3m, 4 \ensuremath{\times} 4, or 5 \ensuremath{\times} 5m can be used for better results. It is a highly economical plant in Australia, Latin America that leads to an increase in cultivation and yield. It is cultivated at around 4000 ha in Spain and 1000 ha in Italy and other countries with a yield of 15-20,000 tonnes per year throughout the world. Caper can be produced along with vines, olives, almonds, etc \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712619}. The presence of stipular spines, high temperatures, dropping branches, small diameter of flower buds leads to an increase in the labor costs during the harvest. Depending on the age and growing environment, the yield of flower buds may increase from 1-9 kg/plant/year.

\textbf{Diseases}

\textit{Capparis spinosa} L. is not a sensitive plant for diseases and pests. But some of the insects, virus, and fungi may attack and was not considered as a limiting factor because of low production density \unskip~\cite{1272443:23712623}. Various diseases of the plants were mentioned in Table~\ref{tw-3b89dc9222b2}\unskip~\cite{1272443:23719154,1272443:23719180,1272443:23719274}.

\textbf{Phytochemical Composition}

The biochemical contents of \textit{Capparis spinosa} were affected by many factors like environmental conditions, geography, harvest date and time, genotype, preservation procedures, and methods of extraction \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718610}. Several studies report the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids (kaempferol, rutin, quercetin), glucosinolates (glucobrassicin, glucoiberin, glucocapparin, sinigrin) antioxidants, carotenoids, terpenoids, and essential oils in different parts of the plant [Table~\ref{tw-0c562eb20b59}] \unskip~\cite{1272443:23719303,1272443:23719307}.

Ethylacetate extract of roots and fruits shows a high content of flavonoids \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718613}. Glucosinolate content varies between 84-89\% in various parts of the caper with the highest amount in young shoots. Traces of glucosinolates were seen in leaves. Seeds are rich in proteins, fibers, and oils with high contents of sterols, tocopherols, linoleic and oleic acids. The constituents present in the fruit were determined to have high biochemical content with organic acids, an antioxidant, and five alkaloid compounds. The tolerance of the plant at high temperatures is due to the presence of carotenoids and terpenoids like tocopherol that stabilizes the lipid core of the cell membrane. Some studies reported the isolation of hypoxanthine and uracil (adenosine nucleosides) from the fruits in china \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718627}.

Essential oils were also extracted from leaves, roots, and fruits with 22 components yielded between 0.02-0.9 percent [Table~\ref{tw-592dabe3b6a1}] \unskip~\cite{1272443:23719404,1272443:23719434}. Out of 22 components, 14 components were found in leaf with thymol, hexanal, butyl isothiocyanate, isopropyl isothiocyanate as major components. 4 components were detected in the fruit with methyl isothiocyanate and isopropyl isothiocyanate as major components. Methyl isothiocyanate and isopropyl isothiocyanate were also detected in roots. Thiocyanate and isothiocyanates are the breakdown products of glucosinolate. Myrosinase catalyzes methyl glucosinolate to form an intermediate called thiohydroximate which on rearrangement gives methyl isothiocyanate \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718631}.

\textbf{Pharmacological Effects}

\textit{Capparis spinosa} L. was used as a traditional medicine for fever, headache, toothache, menstruation, rheumatism, gout, skin diseases, convulsions, diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, sciatia, hemorrhoids, ulcers, etc. Many studies have reported various pharmacological activities using various parts of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. Information regarding the health benefits of caper was yet to be concluded and only a few studies have been examined on human subjects [Table~\ref{tw-22794a958cdd}].

\textbf{Antihyperlipidemic}

A study with 1200 mg \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. fruit showed a significant decrease in triglyceride levels in diabetic patients. The mechanism reported in the study explains the decrease in the activity of HMG Co-A reductase that plays a prominent role in the synthesis of cholesterol. Hence it can be used in fatty liver disease and plays an important role in inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718632}.

\textbf{Antidiabetic}

1200 mg of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. daily for 2 months showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level in diabetic patients. The findings of the study demonstrated that there are no signs of adverse effects on hepatic and renal function. The anti-diabetic mechanism may be due to a decrease in the rate of absorption of carbohydrates in GIT. From the study, we can conclude that caper has anti-diabetic effects \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718678}.

\textbf{Antihypertensive}

Powdered aqueous fruit extract of caper with 150 mg/kg on rats for 20 days showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after 8 days. But there is an increase in the concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride in urine after 20 days. Hence from the study, it can be concluded that \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. decreases the systolic blood pressure by excreting various electrolytes and inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzymes.

\textbf{Anti{\textendash}Obesity}

Powdered aqueous fruit extract of caper with 20 mg/kg on rats for 2 weeks showed significant loss of weight in high-fat diet-fed rats \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718695}.

\textbf{Anti-Microbial}

Aqueous extract of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. roots showed inhibition in the growth rate of Deinococcus radiphilus and showed no effect on the growth rate of \textit{E.coli}. In another study, aqueous extract of roots of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. showed antimicrobial activity when compared to ethanolic, methanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts. Authors reported the inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungal species of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Candida, Aspergillus \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718795}.

Methanolic extract of stem bark and shoots showed an inhibitory effect on \textit{Bacillus subtilis} and methanolic extract of fruit showed an inhibitory effect on \textit{Pasteurella multocida}, \textit{Staphylococcus aureus}, \textit{Bacillus subtilis}, and \textit{Escherichia coli}, Flowers and root methanolic extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against \textit{Escherichia coli}. In another study, caper leaves exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity on \textit{Escherichia coli}, \textit{Salmonella typhi}, etc \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718867}. From the studies, it was concluded that the extraction procedures and the solvents used for extraction play a prominent role in the anti-microbial activity of \textit{Capparis spinosa }L.

\textbf{Antihepatotoxic}

A significant decrease in serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamyl oxalacetate transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase was seen with aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Capparis spinosa when tested on paracetamol and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity on rats. Hydroalcoholic extract 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of Capparis spinosa showed antihepatotoxic activity on diabetic rats after giving treatment for 4 weeks by reducing alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718888}.

\textbf{Anti-inflammatory}

A significant decrease in edema using the leaf extracts of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. was seen in the in-vivo albino mice model. The mechanism involved in the anti-inflammatory effect includes a decrease in immune cell infiltration and dermal thickness at the inflammatory site. In-vitro studies on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed anti-inflammatory effects using leaf extracts of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L.

Root extracts of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. on induced rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis on Sprague-Dawley rats showed analgesic activity due to the presence of spermidine alkaloids. Lyophilized methanolic extract of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. buds reduced the production of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species on human chondrocytes exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies reported that aqueous extracts of fruits and stem leaves showed better anti-inflammatory properties than root extracts \unskip~\cite{1272443:23718965}.

\textbf{Antioxidant and Anticancer}

The essential oil present in the flower buds and leaves of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. showed antioxidant activity in thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay and \ensuremath{\beta }-carotene bleaching method. 

Methanolic extract of fresh berries of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. showed an antioxidant effect on liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells. 

Essential oil from leaves and buds also showed the decreased activation of nuclear factor NF-Kappa B on colon cancer cells and showed anti-proliferative activity \unskip~\cite{1272443:23719051}.

\textbf{Other Pharmacological Effects}

Decreased neurodegenerative effects were seen with aqueous extract of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. buds in induced lipopolysaccharide rats showing protection against learning, memory, and cognitive diseases. Caper extracts was used as traditional medicine for bronchorelaxant, antihistaminic, antimalarial, depurative and diuretic, counterirritant, cough, asthma, paralysis, gout, carminative, anemia, rheumatism, skin rashes, dry skin, cosmetics, gastrointestinal infections, kidney stones, eye infections, HIV etc. Caper can be used in food and culinary as pickles (flower buds), appetizer, flavor, pungency to sauces, salads, in pasta and pizzas. Capparis spinosa is safe to consume without any adverse effects according to the literature reported till today \unskip~\cite{1272443:23719134}.


    
\section{CONCLUSION}
Many kinds of literature explain the pharmacological importance of \textit{Capparis spinosa} L. due to its rich phytochemical constituents. This paved a path for many opportunities in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Research has been done on the whole plant with different solvents and different preparation methods that led to difficulty in the evaluation due to heterogeneous data. In the future, there is a major scope in evaluating its polyphenolic constituents that provide various health benefits.
    
\section{ACKNOWLEDGEMENT\textbf{\space }}
I would like to thank Principal sir (Dr. Kamal Hassan) St. Mary's Group of Institutions, Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri(Dist), Telangana-508284, India.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest} \textbf{\space }

The authors attest that they have no conflict of interest in this study. 

\textbf{Funding Support} \textbf{\space }

The authors declare that there is no financial support for the current study.
    

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