International Journal of Experimental and Biomedical Research

Formulation and evaluation of naphazoline hydrochloride nasal gels

2024-10-22T14:00:56+0530

This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of naphazoline hydrochloride nasal gels to bypass first-pass liver metabolism, ensuring consistent drug levels with reduced doses. Compatibility of lipids, polymers, and the drug was confirmed via FTIR and DSC analyses. Nasal gels were formulated using carbopol, poloxamer, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Gels containing carbopol were clear and sparkling, while those with HPMC appeared white and viscous. The formulations (NNGF1-NNGF8) had pH values between 6.7 and 6.9, spreadability ranging from 22.98 to 25.36 g.cm/sec, and viscosities between 939 and 941 centipoises. Drug content varied from 83.46% to 97.32%, which was deemed acceptable. Gel strengths ranged from 64% to 95%. The in-vitro release studies showed sustained drug release, with 95% of the drug released within seven hours. Among the eight formulations, NNGF1 exhibited the best performance, indicating a diffusion-controlled release mechanism with non-Fickian transport. The drug release followed both Zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas models.

evaluation of cardioprotective activity of centella asiatica l on experimentally induced oxidative stress

2024-11-05T10:50:37+0530

Nowadays, lifestyle and food habits have resulted in many complaints, leading to an increasing interest in identifying natural phytochemical compounds from plant species that can be used as medicines without significant side effects. Herbal medicines are multicomponent mixtures of organic and inorganic compounds, and their chemical constituents possess a pharmacological and antioxidant potential that could have the ability to protect vital organs from several ailments with less or no toxic Effect. The Present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological and antioxidant activity of the well-known medicinal plant Centella Asiatica, which was extracted traditionally. The natural antioxidants in the aqueous plant extracts ameliorate liver and heart damage by consuming ethanol. Hence, this study concluded that the aqueous Extract of Centella Asiatica profoundly protected the vital organs. These findings support the fact that the active principles of Centella Asiatica significantly contributed to the authenticity of the development of new drugs that could alleviate society from many diseases due to oxidative stress by alcohol consumption. It is essential to evaluate the pharmacological properties, and the experimentation would be necessary to standardize and elucidate the exact mechanism of action and toxicity studies of the bioactive compounds present in aqueous Extract to be formulated as protective drugs to treat the alcoholics without any side effects.

Breaking the mold: alternative pharmacy career options you didn't know existed

2024-11-28T11:12:57+0530

This essay explores lesser-known pharmaceutical careers, shedding light on opportunities that pharmacists might not have previously considered. This study covers a diverse range of alternative career paths in pharmacy through a comprehensive review of literature, interviews with professionals in various pharmacy-related roles, and analysis of emerging trends. It challenges traditional notions of pharmacy practice by highlighting positions in academics, entrepreneurship, medical writing, regulatory affairs, and consultancy for the pharmaceutical sector. This research aims to equip pharmacists with the knowledge and resources necessary to navigate their careers in a constantly evolving field. It will emphasize the skills, credentials, and career paths essential for success in these unconventional professions. Additionally, this article aims to inspire future generations of pharmacy professionals to pursue unorthodox career paths and make innovative contributions to the growth of pharmacy practice by highlighting the diverse contributions that pharmacists can make across various industries.

STABILIZATION EXERCISE VERSUS McConnell TAPING ON PAIN, FUNCTION, AND RANGE OF MOTION IN PATIENTS WITH PATELLO FEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME

2024-10-22T14:16:24+0530

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is characterized by anterior knee pain or retro-patellar pain (pain behind the patella). It is one of the most common knee issues, particularly affecting women. PFPS typically presents as diffuse discomfort with a gradual onset in the anterior knee, primarily affecting young athletes. The prevalence of PFPS ranges from 8.75% to 17%, with females being more affected (12.7%) than males (1.1%).Methods: Thirty subjects with PFPS, aged 15-45 years, were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into two groups. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Pain and function were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), while knee range of motion (ROM) was measured with a goniometer. Group A received stabilization exercises and conventional therapy, while Group B received McConnell taping with conventional treatment. Sessions were held thrice weekly for 30-45 minutes over four weeks.Results: Both interventions significantly improved pain, function, and ROM. Group A showed greater improvement in pain reduction and function (p<0.05), while ROM improvement was comparable between the two groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: While both treatments were effective, stabilization exercises provided more significant benefits in pain reduction and functional improvement.

Formulation and evaluation of Nevirapine sustained release tablets using various polymers by liquid-solid compact method

2024-11-28T10:43:10+0530

This present research aims to formulate and evaluate the Nevirapine sustained release tablets using various polymers using a liquid-solid compact method. The current study's methodology involved comparing the two polymers, argum, and xanthumgum, and evaluating the impact of the active components' physicochemical makeup on the drug release profile utilizing the liquid solid compact method using Tween 80 and propylene glycol.The formulation is appropriate for wet granulation, according to the sieve analysis results, compressibility index, and angle of repose.According to this study, Nevirapine can be administered via an extended-release drug delivery system because its formulation prolongs its duration of action within the therapeutic range without causing toxicity as with conventional dose forms. These dosage forms provide the capacity to increase and decrease the frequency of doses.

Formulation and evaluation of hydrogel beads of flecainide

2024-11-28T10:56:15+0530

This study focuses on creating and assessing hydrogel beads containing Flecainide. Hydrogels are polymer networks that absorb and retain significant amounts of water. Within this network, hydrophilic groups become hydrated in aqueous environments, forming a hydrogel structure. The primary goal was to evaluate the formulation of hydrogel beads with Flecainide. Preliminary studies, including solubility and UV analysis, confirmed the formulation's requirements. FTIR spectra indicated no interaction between Flecainide and the polymers, suggesting that the distribution of Flecainide within the beads was appropriate and within acceptable limits.Additionally, the study demonstrated that as the polymer concentration increases, the amount of medication released decreases. The Flecainide hydrogel beads exhibited controlled and extended drug release in vitro. The dissolution data for the optimal formulation (F12) were analyzed using three kinetic models: the Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations, zero-order, and first-order kinetics. The r² value for the optimized formulation F12 is 0.974, indicating compliance with zero-order release kinetics. Furthermore, the Korsmeyer-Peppas analysis supports the mechanism of drug release. For formulation F12, the "n" value is 1.021, indicating a supercase transport mechanism.

Nepah viruses: an intractable disease of zoonotic viruses

2024-12-21T15:39:18+0530

Nipah virus (NIV) is an RNA virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Henipavirus, which includes Hendra virus (HeV). NIV is an emerging bat-borne virus first identified 20 years ago in Malaysia and later reported in South and Southeast Asia. It causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses, posing significant health risks. As an enveloped RNA virus, it has become a leading cause of encephalitis outbreaks with high mortality rates, particularly in the Indo-Bangladesh region.The virus's zoonotic nature, potential for human-to-human transmission, high fatality rates, and lack of vaccination make it a critical global health issue recognised by the World Health Assembly (WHA). NIV infects host cells through two glycoproteins, G and F. The G protein facilitates attachment to host cell receptors, while the F protein enables fusion of virus-cell membranes for entry.The incubation period for NIV ranges from 4 days to 2 weeks but may extend to 4 weeks. Initial symptoms mimic a common cold, including fever, headache, myalgia, and sore throat, followed by neurological signs like altered consciousness, fatigue, and impaired coordination. Diagnostic methods include PCR, immune histochemistry, virus isolation, antibody detection, ELISA, and serological tests.NIV’s potential to cause severe outbreaks underscores the need for comprehensive surveillance and research to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

NEUROPATHY IN DIABETIC MELLITUS: CAUSES, DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTIC MODELS

2024-11-04T11:31:29+0530

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most common and severe side effect of diabetes mellitus, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, significantly straining diabetes care. Modern definitions describe diabetic neuropathy as a symmetric, length-dependent sensory polyneuropathy resulting from metabolic changes and microvascular damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors. The management and clinical assessment of DN are complex. Patients with DN should be evaluated for autonomic neuropathy, as these conditions often coexist. Currently, duloxetine and pregabalin are the primary medications prescribed for neuropathic pain, yet neither offers complete relief, even when combined. This study reviews the available treatments and current guidelines for managing diabetic neuropathy, focusing on pain management and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. There remains a critical need to investigate medication combinations that may more effectively reduce or even reverse the progression of the disease while enhancing pain relief. Addressing these gaps could lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from this debilitating condition.