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\def\citeauthor{~Diana~Laila~Ramatillah,
              ~Destriyani,
              ~Muhammad~Junaid~Farrukh,
              ~Afriana}
\def\citetitle{\textbf{A Cross-Sectional Study of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Deaths in Indonesia Based on Sociodemography}}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{document}


\def\RunningAuthor{Diana Laila Ramatillah et al.}
\firstPage{30}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{05 Feb 2022}
\acceptedDate{20 Mar 2022}
\revisedDate{19 Feb 2022}
\journalVolume{1}
\journalIssue{1}
\journalDoi{ijebr.v1i1.371}
\copyrightYear{2022}
\eISSN{2583-5254}
\journalDoi{ijebr.v1i1.371}
\def\authorCount{4}
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\def\journalTitle{International Journal of Experimental and Biomedical Research}

\title{\textbf{A Cross-Sectional Study of Coronavirus Disease-2019 Deaths in Indonesia Based on Sociodemography}}
\author{Diana~Laila~Ramatillah\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1,2}\textsuperscript{\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-3455}{\XeTeXLinkBox{\includegraphics[height=7pt]{orcid-logo-pharmascope.pdf}}}},  
            Destriyani\textsuperscript{1},  
            Muhammad~Junaid~Farrukh\textsuperscript{2}, 
            Afriana\textsuperscript{3}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945, Jakarta 14350, Indonesia}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}English Department, Universitas Putera Batam, Kepulauan Riau 29434, Indonesia}}

\begin{abstract}
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) іs a contagіous dіsease caused by the most recently dіscovered coronavіrus, causіng pneumonіa wіth symptoms such as fever, cough, and dyspnea. The COVID-19 vіrus can cause death. This study aims to evaluate the cause of mortality among COVID-19 patients based on sociodemography. Thіs research was conducted usіng a questіonnaіre to fіnd out and enrіch the іnformatіon obtaіned through the communіty, so that the data obtaіned can be descrіbed. The method used was descrіptіve analytіc wіth cross-sectіonal approach. The samplіng technіque was carrіed out by convenіence samplіng on 60 patіents who dіed of COVID-19 іn Indonesіa and all the participants filled the informed consent before filled the google form. Ethical approval was obtained before conducting this study. Based on the result in this study, the male was 41 patients, and the female was 19 patients. The education level of the majority of patients was senior high school (42\%). In terms of occupation, unemployed was predominant (25 patients). Of the 25 patients had hypertensive/diabetic, and 40 patients had severe illness. Based on the length of stay, most of these patients were admitted for around two weeks. Conclusion of this study is that the average cause of death for COVID-19 patіents can be іnfluenced because they are{\textgreater}60 years old, the male gender has more deaths due to COVID-19, and the hіstory of іllness the patients have. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Causes of Death,\newline COVID-19,\newline Indonesia
\end{keywords}
\twocolumn[ \maketitle {\printKwdAbsBox}]
\makeatletter{\raggedright{\Large$^\ast$}Corresponding Author\par Name:\ Diana~Laila~Ramatillah~\\ Phone:\ ~\\  Email:\ diana.ramatillah@uta45jakarta.ac.id
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        \makeatother
        
    
\section{Introduction}
COVID-19is a pandemic disease as stated by World Health Organization in 2020 \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917167}. WHO reported COVID-19had infected more than 208 million people, and around 4,38 million died. Indonesia is the fourth largest population globally, and from the database, many people were infected by COVID-19, followed by mortality due to this infection \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917165}. Based on the WHO report, the risk factors of death of COVID-19are age, comorbidity, and the severity of illness \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917167}. For comorbidity, patients with respiratory diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more dangerous to have the severe disease of this infection than others \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917166}.
    
\section{METHOD}
The method of this research was a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling. In this research, data collection was carried out using filled-up questionnaires (Figure~\ref{f-8150d4860839}). The questionnaireswere performed online by spreading google form of the questionnaires through whatsapp, lіne, іnstagram, twіt-


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\caption{\boldmath {Research Flow}}
\label{f-8150d4860839}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The Number of Patients Based on Clinical Aspect} }
\label{tw-ac857d684ec4}
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\centering 
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.5167\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.25119999999999997\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2321\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Clinical aspect  & \cAlignHack n  & \cAlignHack \% \\
\tblmidrule 
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \textbf{Disease History}}\\
\cAlignHack Cancer &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 3\\
\cAlignHack Heart disease   &
  \cAlignHack 11 &
  \cAlignHack 18\\
\cAlignHack Hypertension/Diabetes mellitus &
  \cAlignHack 25 &
  \cAlignHack 42\\
\cAlignHack Asthma  &
  \cAlignHack 8 &
  \cAlignHack 14\\
\cAlignHack Healthy &
  \cAlignHack 14 &
  \cAlignHack 23\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \textbf{Symptom Level }}\\
\cAlignHack Severe &
  \cAlignHack 40 &
  \cAlignHack 67\\
\cAlignHack Moderate to severe &
  \cAlignHack 2 &
  \cAlignHack 3\\
\cAlignHack Moderate  &
  \cAlignHack 1 &
  \cAlignHack 2\\
\cAlignHack Mildly  &
  \cAlignHack 5 &
  \cAlignHack 8\\
\cAlignHack Normal &
  \cAlignHack 12 &
  \cAlignHack 20\\
\multicolumn{3}{p{\dimexpr(1\linewidth-2\tabcolsep)}}{\cAlignHack \textbf{Length of Stay in Hospital}}\\
\cAlignHack {\textgreater} 3 weeks  &
  \cAlignHack 0 &
  \cAlignHack 0\\
\cAlignHack 2-3 weeks &
  \cAlignHack 25 &
  \cAlignHack 42\\
\cAlignHack 1-2 week   &
  \cAlignHack 26 &
  \cAlignHack 43\\
\cAlignHack {\textless}1 week   &
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  \cAlignHack 7\\
\cAlignHack Never treated &
  \cAlignHack 4  &
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\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{\boldmath {The Correlation of the Average Causes of Death of COVID-19 Patients in Indonesia with Sociodemography} }
\label{tw-9952aa5b40cd}
\centering 
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\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}\cAlignHack Sociodemography & \cAlignHack n (\%) & \cAlignHack p-value*\\
\tblmidrule 
\cAlignHack \textbf{(i) Age } &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack {\textless}60  &
  \cAlignHack 20 (33\%) &
  \cAlignHack 0.003 \\
\cAlignHack {\textgreater}60 &
  \cAlignHack 40 (66.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack \textbf{(ii) Gender} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Male  &
  \cAlignHack 41 (68.3\%) &
  \cAlignHack 0.327 \\
\cAlignHack Female  &
  \cAlignHack 19 (31.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack \textbf{(iii) Educational Level} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Uneducated  &
  \cAlignHack 9 (15\% ) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Elementary school  &
  \cAlignHack 2 (3\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Junior high school  &
  \cAlignHack 9 (15\%) &
  \cAlignHack 0.135 \\
\cAlignHack  enior high school  &
  \cAlignHack 25 (41.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Bachelor's degree &
  \cAlignHack 11 (18.33\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack \textbf{(iv) Occupation} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Unemployment  &
  \cAlignHack 25 (41.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Student  &
  \cAlignHack 1 (1.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Entrepreneur  &
  \cAlignHack 16 (26.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack 0.004\\
\cAlignHack Private employees  &
  \cAlignHack 15 (25\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Civil  ervant  &
  \cAlignHack 3 (5\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack \textbf{(v) Comorbidity} &
  \cAlignHack  &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Cancer  &
  \cAlignHack 2 (3\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Heart disease  &
  \cAlignHack 11 (18.33\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack Hypertension/Diabetes mellitus  &
  \cAlignHack 25 (41.67\%) &
  \cAlignHack 0.000 \\
\cAlignHack Asthma  &
  \cAlignHack 8 (13.33\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\cAlignHack None &
  \cAlignHack 14 (23.33\%) &
  \cAlignHack \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{tabulary}\par 
\begin{tablenotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{*Kruskal-Wallis Test}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}

\end{table*}
ter, and facebook for one month to the family, friends, and relatives of the dead patients, but only 60 google forms were returned. Before the participants filled the google form, the participants had to fill up the informed consent. Inclusion criteria were all sample  who were in the friend list of social media researchers, and the exclusion criteria were all sample  who did not fill the entire form. Before the research was conducted, ethical approval was given by the ethical research committee from the Health Faculty of EsaUnggul; No. 0001-21.001/DPKE-KEP/FINAL\_EA/UEU/I/2021.
    
\section{Results and Discussion\textbf{\space }}
The validity test showed that all items of the questionnaire were valid. For reliability, the test showed Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. Table~\ref{tw-ac857d684ec4} shows that most of the patients who died from COVID-19 had a history of secondary metabolic disease of Hypertension/Diabetes as many as 25 people or by 42\%. According to a statement by the WHO, it is stated that an individual's mortality rate can be related to age and medical history. People susceptible to COVID-19 and needing special treatment are the old-aged group and or those suffering from congenital diseases such as hypertension, heart, lung, cancer, and diabetes disorders \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917167}. Most of the patients who died from COVID-19 had a length of stay in the hospital for 1-2 weeks or as many as 26 people or 43\%, followed by a treatment period of 2-3 weeks as many as 25 people or 42\% (Table~\ref{tw-ac857d684ec4}). These findings underscore the importance of preventive measures (e.g., social distancing, respiratory hygiene, and wearing face coverings in public settings where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain) to protect the elderly and those with underlying medical conditions \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917162}.

Based on Table~\ref{tw-9952aa5b40cd}, the p-value is 0.003 (p-value \textless\ 0.05) so that there is a significant relationship between the causes of death of COVID-19 patients in Indonesia and age. The percentage of COVID-19 mortality increases due to the increasing age, with the youngest patients being 5\% to the oldest 55\%. Another study from, Ramatillah, et al., 2021 reported that patients with age 79 above had a mortality rate of 100\% \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917164}. There is a significant relationship between the causes of death of COVID-19 patients in Indonesia and the comorbidity. Most patients have symptoms consistent with COVID-19, and the overall complication rate is high \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917163}. In Huang's study, he concluded that the number of patients with a history of diabetes could be associated with severe COVID-19 mortality, ARDS, disease progression in patients with COVID-19, weakness in older patients, and hypertension \unskip~\cite{1411114:24917161}.
    
\section{CONCLUSION}
In this study, it can be concluded that the average cause of death due to COVID-19 in Indonesia is influenced by age {\textgreater}60 years, with the male sex being more exposed to COVID-19 where the patient has a history of the disease, namely, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.

\textbf{Funding Support} \textbf{\space }

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study. 

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

All authors declare no conflict of interest among them.
    
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